.30-06 Springfield
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The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced "Thirty aught six") is a .308 inch (7.62 mm) caliber rifle cartridge, also known as the 7.62 x 63 mm, that was introduced as the standard cartridge of the United States Army in 1906.
It superseded the nearly identical .30-03 cartridge (introduced three years prior), but had a slightly shorter casing and a higher velocity spitzer bullet. There were three main production runs of the round, that roughly correspond to large stocks built up during wars; the initial 30-06, the M1 ball and then the M2 ball.
The Springfield 1903 rifle, introduced alongside the earlier cartridge, was quickly modified to accept the .30-06. 30-06 went on to replace 6 mm Lee Navy round used by the Navy at that time, as well as remaining older cartridges such as the 30 US Army used in the Model 1892 Krag. The .30-06 remained the US Army's main cartridge for nearly 50 years before it was finally replaced by the 7.62 x 51 mm with the official adoption of the M14 in 1954. However, the first M14s were not fielded until 1957, and the .30-06 remained in service into the 1970s, mainly as a machine gun cartridge.
It was used in the bolt-action M1903 Springfield and M1917 Enfield, the semi-automatic M1 Garand, the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), and numerous machineguns. It served the United States in both World Wars and in the Korea, serving as the basis for dozens of commercial and wildcat cartridges. Its last major use by the US military was in Vietnam. The .30-06's power, combined with the ready availability of surplus firearms chambered for it, has made it a popular hunting cartridge. It is suitable for hunting large mammals such as deer, elk, and moose.
Performance
The .30-06 is a powerful round designed in an age when 1000 yard (914 m) shots could be expected. In 1906, the original .30-06 cartridge consisted of a 150 grain (9.7 g) flat base cupronickel jacketed bullet. After World War I, the United States military realized the need for better long range performance out of machine guns. Based on reports from Europe, a streamlined, 173 grain (11.2 g), boat tail, gilding-metal bullet was used. The .30-06 cartridge with the 173 grain (11.2 g) bullet was called the 'M1 Ball'.
Army practice was to use the oldest ammunition for practice and, therefore, older stocks of M1906 continued in use until exhausted in 1936. Once the new M1 began seeing widespread use, the US military realized that it was traveling beyond the safety limits of ranges constructed for the 1906 cartridge over the past 30 years. Rather than engage in massive construction projects, it was decided to switch back to the original profile bullet but utilizing a newer jacket material. Initially, this bullet was stained to match the color of the cupro-nickel jacket.
This 152 grain (9.8 g) flat base bullet without the stain was standardized in 1940 as the 'Ball, M2' cartridge. According to US Army Technical Manual 43-0001-27, M2 Ball specifications call for 2740 feet per second (835 m/s) velocity, measured 78 feet (24 m) from the muzzle. M2 Ball was the standard issue ammunition for use in US military rifles and machineguns until replaced by the 7.62 x 51 mm for the M14 and M60.
Commercially manufactured rifles chambered in .30-06 are popular for hunting. Current .30-06 factory ammuntion varies in bullet weight from 110 to 220 grains (7.1 to 14.3 g) in solid bullets, and as low as 55 grains (3.6 g) with the use of a sub-caliber bullet in a sabot. Loads are available with reduced velocity and pressure as well as increased velocity and pressure for stronger firearms. The .30-06 ranks as one of the most popular sporting cartridges in the world.
US Military Cartridge Types
NOTE: .30-06 cartridges are also produced commercially with a plethora of different bullets and to a number of different specifications.
- Armor Piercing, M2
- This cartridge is used against lightly armored vehicles, protective shelters, and personnel, and can be identified by its black bullet tip.
Selected examples of United States Military firearms chambered for the .30-06 cartridge
- M1903 Springfield and variants, loading from stripper clips.
- Gatling gun, The U.S. Gatling guns were re-chambered for 30-06, the last round they would be changed over to before being declared obsolete and withdrawn from service.
- Model 1909 machine rifle, The Benet-Mercie light machine gun was chambered for 30-06.
- Chauchat, The US used a mix of Chauchauts in 30-06 and 8 mm lebel.
- Lewis gun The US used a limited amount of Lewis guns chambered in 30-06 in both WWI and WWII.
- M1917 Enfield, also loading from stripper clips. Despite its name was actually based on Mauser, not Enfield bolt.
- M1917 water-cooled and M1919 air-cooled machine guns, feeding from belts
- M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, loading from detachable magazines.
- Marlin machine gun. Similar to the Colt-Browning machine gun ('Potato Digger'), but without 'digger' piston, and used mainly on aircraft.
- M1 Garand, loading in an en bloc clip
- M1941 Johnson, feeding from an internal rotary magazine
- Johnson M1941 LMG, feeding from magazine
See also
External links
- [Gary's U.S. Infantry Weapons Reference Guide - .30 Caliber (.30-06 Springfield) Ammunition]
- [Nazarian`s Gun`s Recognition Guide]
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