1809
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1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).
Events
- January 5 - Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and France concluded
- January 10 - French Marshal Jean Lannes begins the Siege of Zaragoza.
- January 16 - Peninsular War: The British defeat the French at the Battle of Corunna.
- February 3 - Illinois Territory was created.
- February 8 - Franz I of Austria declares war on France
- February 11 - Robert Fulton patents the steamboat.
- February 20 - A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States states that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.
- February 20 - Siege of Zaragoza grinds to a halt as Jose Palafox surrenders. Over 60,000 have been killed on both sides in 41 days of street fighting.
- February 25 - A Spanish forces is defeated at the Battle of Valls in Catalonia by Marshal St Cyr.
- March 4 - James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of the United States.
- March 13 - Military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden - he is confined in the Gripsholm Castle.
- March 29 - At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état and is later exiled.
- March 29 - The Battle of Oporto ends in disaster as 18,000 Portuguese soldiers are drowned in a rout after defeat by the French under Marshal Soult and the Battle of Medellin results in massive Spanish casualties in Extremadura, when Marshal Victor's cavalry routs their army.
- April 9 - Tyroleans rise against French and Bavarian occupation - they include militia lead by Andreas Hofer.
- April 14 - Napoleon defeats Austrians in the Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria
- April 19 - Battle of Raszyn between armies of Austria (attackers) and Duchy of Warsaw (defenders) as a part of struggles of the Fifth Coalition (1809). The Austrian army was defeated.
- April 22 - Battle of Eckmuhl - French troops under Marshal Andre Massena beat Austrians under Archduke Karl.
- May - Napoleon captures Vienna, is excommunicated, imprisons pope Pius VII.
- May 5 - Mary Kies is the first American woman to be awarded a patent.
- May 5 - The Swiss canton of Aargau denies Jews citizenship.
- May 17 - Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French empire. When he announces Pope's secular power has ended, pope excommunicates him.
- May 21 - Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat French under Napoleon in a hard fought battle.
- May 24 - Dartmoor Prison opens, first to house French prisoners of war
- June 1 - Allardyce Barclay begins a bet of walking 1 mile every hour for 1,000 hours. Each hour he walked a mile round trip from his home
- June 6 - Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after authoritarian rule since 1772.
- June 7 - Shoja Shah of Afghanistan signs a treaty with the British. Only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah.
- July 5-6 - The massive Battle of Wagram in which Napoleon defeats the Austrians.
- July 6 - French troops arrest Pope Pius VII and take him to Liguria
- July 10 - French Marshal Marmont engages in the inconclusive Battle of Zniam against the Austrians.
- July 28 - Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a mauch larger French force at the Battle of Talavera.
- July 30 - British invasion army lands in Walcheren
- August 8 - 70 disciples of Gaon of Vilnius arrive in Palestine
- August 10 - Ecuador declares independence from Spain
- August 11 - Severe earthquakes strike the Azores and sinks the village of São Miguel
- August 11 - A poorly-generaled Spanish army was defeated by King Joseph Bonaparte's French army at the Battle of Almonacid de Toledo.
- September 17 - Peace of Hamina - Peace between Russia and Sweden in the Finnish War. The territory to become the Grand Duchy of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.
- September 18 - Royal Opera House opens in London
- October 11 - Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.
- October 14 - Treaty of Schoenbrunn cedes Illyrian provinces to France
- November 19 - A Spanish army is ridden down and 20,000 are killed by French forces at the Battle of Ocana
- December 26 - British invasion force leaves Vlissingen
- December 30 - Wearing masks at balls forbidden in Boston, Massachusetts
- USS Constitution (Old Ironsides) is recommissioned as flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron.
- Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot solids.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Philosophie Zoologique, outlining the concept of evolution.
- First running of the Two Thousand Guineas Stakes horse race in England.
- Miami University (Ohio) established by congressional order by George Washington.
Ongoing events
- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815) - Peninsular War/Finnish War/Fifth Coalition
- Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812
Births
- January 4 - Louis Braille, French teacher, inventor of braille (d. 1852)
- January 15 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864)
- January 19 - Edgar Allan Poe, American writer and poet (d. 1849)
- February 3 - Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
- February 12 - Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865)
- February 12 - Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882)
- February 15 - Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884)
- March 31 - Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
- April 15 - Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)
- June 4 - Columbus Delano, American statesman (d. 1896)
- June 4 - John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871)
- June 8 - Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900)
- August 6 - Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (d. 1892)
- August 8 - Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)
- August 8 - Horace Bingtrotter, British phrenologist (d. 1904)
- August 27 - Hannibal Hamlin, American politician (d. 1891)
- August 29 - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
- October 22 - Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
- December 24 - Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
- December 29 - William Ewart Gladstone, British politician (d. 1898)
Deaths
- January 16 - John Moore, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1761)
- February 25 - John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (Lord Dunmore)
- March 7 - Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Austrian composer (b. 1736)
- March 25 - Anna Seward, English writer (b. 1747)
- March 27 - Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (b. 1716)
- May 13 - Beilby Porteus, English bishop and abolitionist (b. 1731)
- May 17 - Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian physician (b. 1722)
- May 31 - Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer (b. 1732)
- May 31 - Jean Lannes, French marshal (mortally wounded in battle (b. 1769)
- June 4 - Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, Danish painter (b. 1743)
- June 8 - Thomas Paine, American revolutionary writer (b. 1737)
- August 18 - Matthew Boulton, English manufacturer and engineer (b. 1728)
- October 8 - James Elphinston, Scottish philologist (b. 1721)
- October 11 - Meriwether Lewis, American explorer (suicide) (b. 1774)
- November 9 - Paul Sandby, English cartographer and painter (b. 1725)
- 8 August - Ueda Akinari, Japanese author and scholar (b. 1734)
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