31 equal temperament
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In music, 31 equal temperament, called 31-tet, 31-edo, 31-et, or tricesimoprimal temperament, is the scale derived by dividing the octave into 31 equally large steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/31, or 38.71 cents.
Interest in this tuning system goes back to 1666, when music theorist Lemme Rossi first proposed it. Shortly thereafter, having discovered it independently, famed scientist Christiaan Huygens wrote about it also. Since the standard system of tuning at that time was quarter-comma meantone, in which the fifth is tuned to 51/4, the appeal of this method is immediate, as the fifth of 31-et, at 696.77 cents, is only a fifth of a cent sharper than the fifth of quarter-comma meantone. Huygens not only realized that, he went farther and noted that 31-et provides an excellent approximation of septimal, or 7-limit harmony, which was a very advanced insight for the time. In the twentieth century, physicist, music theorist and composer Adriaan Fokker, after reading Huygens's work, led a revival of interest in this system of tuning which led to a number of compositions, particularly by Dutch composers.
Theoretical properties
The single most important fact about 31-et is that it equates to the unison, or tempers out, the syntonic comma of 81/80. It is therefore a meantone temperament. It also tempers the 5-limit intervals 393216/390625, known as the Würschmidt comma after music theorist José Würschmidt, and 2109375/2097152, known as the semicomma.
More significantly, perhaps, it tempers out 126/125, the septimal semicomma or starling comma. Because it tempers out both 81/80 and 126/125, it supports septimal meantone temperament. It also tempers out 1029/1024, the gamelan residue, and 1728/1715, the Orwell comma. Consequently it supports a wide variety of linear temperaments.
Chords of 31 equal temperament
Many of the most interesting chords of 31-et are discussed in the article on septimal meantone temperament. Chords not discussed there include the neutral thirds triad, which might be written either C-Dx-G or C-Fbb-G, and the Orwell tetrad, which is C-E-Fx-Bbb.
Musical examples
Original to 31-et
- [The Liberation of Gabrovo, Harold Fortuin, excerpt, mp3 file]
- [The beat-generation march, Joel Mandelbaum, midi file]
- [Clash by Night: Prelude, by Aaron Krister Johnson, ogg file]
- [Clash by Night: Waiting for Jerry, by Aaron Krister Johnson, ogg file]
- [Clash by Night: Shuffle, by Aaron Krister Johnson, ogg file]
31 equal arrangements
- [Impromptu in C# minor, op 28 no 3, Hugo Reinhold, midi file]
- [String quartet no 3, op 67, first movement, Brahms, midi file]
- [String quartet no 3, op 67, second movement, Brahms, midi file]
- [Prelude to Tristan und Isolde, Wagner, mp3 file]
External links
- [de Beer, Anton, The Development of 31-tone Music]
- [Fokker, Adriaan Daniël, Equal Temperament and the Thirty-one-keyed organ]
- [Rapoport, Paul, About 31-tone Equal Temperament]
- [Terpstra, Siemen, Toward a Theory of Meantone (and 31-et) Harmony]
| Tunings | [http://encycl.opentopia.com/ edit ] | ||
| Pythagorean · Just intonation · Harry Partch's 43-tone scale | |||
| Regular temperaments | |||
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| Irregular temperaments | |||
| Well temperament | |||
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