Abd-al-Hamid I
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Ottoman Period
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Abd-al-Hamid I (Arabic: عبد الحميد الأول) (alternate spellings include Abdulhamid, Abdul Hamid or Abdul-Hamid) (March 20, 1725 – April 7, 1789), was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the son of sultan Ahmed III (1703–30) and succeeded his brother Mustafa III (1757–74) on January 21, 1774.
Abd-ul-Hamid I was imprisoned for most of the first forty-three years of his life by his cousins Mahmud I and Osman III and his older brother Mustafa III, as was custom, and received his early education from his mother Rabia Semi Sultana, where he studied history and learned calligraphy.
His imprisonment had made him aloof in regards to state affairs and malleable to the designs of his advisors. Yet he was also very religious and a pacifist by nature. At his accession the financial straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be given to the janissaries. War was, however, forced on him and less than a year after his accession the complete defeat of the Turks at Battle of Kozluja led to the treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji on July 21 1774.
In spite of his failures, Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid I was regarded as the most gracious Sultan of the Ottomans. He administrated the fire brigade during the fire in 1782. In Istanbul, he won the admiration of his people as he was so religious that he was called a "Veli" (saint). He also traced a reform policy, followed the governmental administrations closely and worked with statesmen. When Abd-ul-Hamid I came to the throne the army asked for gratuities and the sultan claimed that: "There are, no longer, gratuities in our treasury, all of our soldier sons should learn". He also began the restoration of the military system. He is credited with better education standards. He tried to renovate the Janissary corps and the naval forces. He established a new artillery troop. He made a census in the Janissary corps.
Slight successes against rebellious outbreaks in Syria and the Morea could not compensate for the loss of the Crimea which Russia greatly coveted. War was once more declared against Russia in 1787 and in the following year the Ottomans were joined by Austria. The Swedes also joined the conflict on the side of the Ottomans. While the Ottomans held their own in the conflict, they ultimately lost with Ochakov falling in 1788 to the Russians.
Abd-ul-Hamid I died four months later at the age of sixty-four. He was buried in Bahcekapi, a tomb he had built for himself.
His wives were: Ayse Sine-perver haseki sultan (mother of son), Naksh-i Dil haseki Sultan, Hatice Ruh-shah, Huma Shah, Ayse, Binnaz, Dilpezir, Mehtabe, Misl-i Na-yab, Mu'teber, Nevres, Mihriban
His sons were: Mustafa IV (1807–08), Mahmud II (1808–39), Murad, Nusret, Mehmed, Ahmed, Suleyman
His daughters were: Esma, Emine, Rabia, Saliha, Alimsah, Durusehvar, Fatma, Meliksah, Hibetullah Zekiye
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