Algebraic closure

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In mathematics, particularly abstract algebra, an algebraic closure of a field K is an algebraic extension of K that is algebraically closed. It is one of many closures in mathematics.

Using Zorn's lemma, it can be shown that every field has an algebraic closure, and that the algebraic closure of a field K is unique up to an isomorphism that fixes every member of K. Because of this essential uniqueness, we often speak of the algebraic closure of K, rather than an algebraic closure of K.

The algebraic closure of a field K can be thought of as the largest algebraic extension of K. To see this, note that if L is any algebraic extension of K, then the algebraic closure of L is also an algebraic closure of K, and so L is contained within the algebraic closure of K. The algebraic closure of K is also the smallest algebraically closed field containing K, because if M is any algebraically closed field containing K, then the elements of M which are algebraic over K form an algebraic closure of K.

The algebraic closure of a field K has the same cardinality as K if K is infinite, and is countably infinite if K is finite.

Examples

The fundamental theorem of algebra states that the algebraic closure of the field of real numbers is the field of complex numbers.

The algebraic closure of the field of rational numbers is the field of algebraic numbers.

There are many countable algebraically closed fields within the complex numbers, and strictly containing the field of algebraic numbers; these are the algebraic closures of transcendental extensions of the rational numbers, e.g. the algebraic closure of Q(π).

For a finite field of prime order p, the algebraic closure is a countably infinite field which contains a copy of the field of order pⁿ for each positive integer n (and is in fact the union of these copies).

See also Puiseux expansion.

Separable closure

An algebraic closure of K contains a subfield K^s, which contains all the finite separable extensions of K within it. For K a perfect field, the algebraic and separable closures are the same. In other cases the separable closure must be used to define the absolute Galois group of K.

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