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Aristide Briand

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Aristide Briand (March 28, 1862 – March 7, 1932) was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Contents

Early life

He was born at Nantes, of a bourgeois family. He studied law, and soon went into politics, associating himself with the most advanced movements, writing articles for the anarchist journal Le Peuple, and directing the Lanterne for some time. From this he passed to the Petite République, leaving it to found L'Humanité, in collaboration with Jean Jaurès.

Activism

At the same time he was prominent in the movement for the formation of trade unions, and at the congress of working men at Nantes in 1894 he secured the adoption of the labour union idea against the adherents of Jules Guesde. From that time, Briand became one of the leaders of the French Socialist Party. In 1902, after several unsuccessful attempts, he was elected deputy. He declared himself a strong partisan of the union of the Left in what is known as the Bloc, in order to check the reactionary deputies of the Right. From the beginning of his career in the chamber of deputies, Briand was occupied with the question of the separation of church and state. He was appointed reporter of the commission charged with the preparation of the law, and his masterly report at once marked him out as one of the coming leaders. He succeeded in carrying his project through with but slight modifications, and without dividing the parties upon whose support he relied.

He was the principal author of the law of separation, but, not content with preparing it, he wished to apply it as well, especially as the existing ministry of Maurice Rouvier was allowing disturbances during the taking of inventories of church property, a clause of the law for which Briand was not responsible. Consequently he accepted the portfolio of public instruction and worship in the Sarrien ministry (1906). So far as the chamber was concerned his success was complete. But the acceptance of a portfolio in a bourgeois ministry led to his exclusion from the Unified Socialist party (March 1906). As opposed to Jaurès, he contended that the Socialists should co-operate actively with the Radicals in all matters of reform, and not stand aloof to await the complete fulfilment of their ideals.

Prime Minister of France

Briand succeeded Clemenceau as Prime Minister in 1909, serving until 1911, and served again for a few months in 1913. In October 1915, following on French defeats in the First World War, Briand again became Prime Minister, and, for the first time, Foreign Minister, succeeding René Viviani and Théophile Delcassé respectively. His tenure was not particularly successful, and he resigned in March 1917 as a result of disagreements over the prospective Nivelle Offensive, to be succeeded by Alexandre Ribot.

Briand returned to power in 1921, but his efforts to come to an agreement over reparations with the Germans failed in the wake of German intransigence, and he was succeeded by the more bellicose Raymond Poincaré. In the wake of the Ruhr Crisis, however, Briand's more conciliatory style became more acceptable, and he returned to the Quai d'Orsay in 1925, remaining foreign minister until his death.

Aristide Briand received the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize together with Gustav Stresemann of Germany for the Locarno Treaties (Austen Chamberlain of the United Kingdom had won a share of the Peace Prize a year earlier for the same agreement). A 1927 proposal by Briand and United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg for a universal pact outlawing war led the following year to the Pact of Paris, aka the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

The cordial relations between Briand and Stresemann, the leading statesmen of their respective countries, were cut short by the unexpected death of Stresemann in 1929 and of Briand in 1932.

Reference

Governments

Briand's first Government,

Briand's second Minister, Changes

Briand's third Government,

Briand's fourth Government, Changes
  • 15 November 1915 - Paul Painlevé becomes Minister of Inventions for the National Defense in addition to being Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
  • 16 March 1916 - Pierre Auguste Roques succeeds Galliéni as Minister of War

Briand's fifth Government, Changes
  • 15 March 1917 - Lucien Lacaze succeeds Lyautey as interim Minister of War.

Briand's sixth Government,

Briand's seventh Government, Changes

Briand's eighth Government, Changes
  • 10 April 1926 - Jean Durand succeeds Malvy as Minister of the Interior. François Binet succeeds Durand as Minister of Agriculture.

Briand's Ninth Government,

Briand's tenth Government,

|- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Preceded by:
Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Succeeded by:
Gaston Doumergue |- |-

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Succeeded by:
Ernest Monis |- |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Preceded by:
Georges Clemenceau

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Succeeded by:
Ernest Monis |- |-

|- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Preceded by:
René Viviani

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Succeeded by:
Alexandre Ribot |- |-

|- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Preceded by:
Georges Leygues

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Succeeded by:
Raymond Poincaré |- |-

|- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Preceded by:
Édouard Herriot

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Succeeded by:
Édouard Herriot |- |- |- style="text-align: center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan=""|Preceded by:
Paul Painlevé

|- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;"

External link

Nobel Peace Prize: Laureates (1926–1950)
1926: Briand, Stresemann | 1927: Buisson, Quidde | 1929: Kellogg | 1930: Söderblom | 1931: Addams, Butler | 1933: Angell | 1934: Henderson | 1935: Ossietzky | 1936: Lamas | 1937: Cecil | 1938: Nansen Office | 1944: ICRC | 1945: Hull | 1946: Balch, Mott | 1947: QPSW, AFSC | 1949: Boyd Orr | 1950: Bunche

 

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