Ascian language
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The Ascian Language is a fictional language invented by Gene Wolfe for his fantasy series “The Book of the New Sun”.
The language is spoken by the inhabitants of the “northern continents” of the future earth, the Ascians, who are enslaved by their masters (the Group of Seventeen) in a way obviously much like the people of Oceania in George Orwell's book 1984.
The language
The Ascian language consists of two levels: On the low level it is just an ordinary language, of whose syntax, grammar and vocabulary virtually nothing is known. What makes the language unique is the second level.Although with Ascian as their mother tongue, born Ascians don't understand plain Ascian sentences, unless they are direct quotes from governmental propaganda materials (called approved texts). So, in order to communicate, an Ascian has to know by heart thousands of these quotes (sentences) on many different topics.
As the northern continents are at war with the southern Commonwealth (where most protagonists of the books live), there are interpreters in the Ascian army to interrogate prisoners. These speak the language of the Commonwealth, but as they are unable to think outside the approved texts, what they say is just literal translations of the Ascian approved sentences.
A very similar concept of a language is presented in the episode Darmok from 1991.
Psychology
The reason for the Group of Seventeen to impose on their people this complicated concept of a language is much alike Orwell’s concept of Newspeak. In order to prevent the Ascians from ever developing critical thought (and subsequently inciting revolts), the language is limited as to make it impossible to express it. This corresponds to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.Nevertheless, Gene Wolfe suggests that this concept doesn't work out like that. It is shown that intelligent Ascians are very well able to express, by means of approved sentences only, meanings that exceed those of the quoted sources. They simply quote such sentences as suggest connotations by the used epithets regardless of the actual meaning of the approved text. Please see the examples for further clarification.
Examples
In "The Citadel of the Autarch", the fourth volume of The Book of the New Sun series, there is a story told by an Ascian prisoner, which is translated by people of the Commonwealth into our way of speaking. Some examples from this story:
- “In times past, loyalty to the cause of the populace was to be found everywhere. The will of the Group of Seventeen was the will of everyone.”
“Once upon a time…” - “The people meeting in counsel may judge, but no one is to receive more than a hundred blows.”
“He complained, and they beat him.” - “How are the hands nourished? By the blood. How does the blood reach the hands? By the veins. If the veins are closed, the hands will rot away.”
“He left that farm and took to the roads.” - “Where the Group of Seventeen sit, there final justice is done.”
“He went to the capital and complained of the way he had been treated.”
References
- Gene Wolfe: The Book of the New Sun, Volume 4 (The Citadel of the Autarch), ISBN 1-85798-700-4
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