Ashigaru
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The Japanese ashigaru (足軽) were conscripted foot-soldiers of medieval Japan. During Muromachi period, ashigaru were employed by the shogun as his personal army.
Origins
Their root is believed to be that of shimobe (下部), who served by the side of government officials during Heian period. Ashigaru (literally "light-foot", but the word most likely stems from "light armored") were the lowest-class warriors, either the low-class buke (noble) or commoners who had joined or been impressed to the daimyo's army. There are also stories about female ashigaru, though it is unlikely that they served in the frontline duty.
At first the ashigaru were mercenaries or adventurers who were paid only in loot, but eventually some of them became part of local armies as retained warriors. Those who were given control of ashigaru were called ashigarugashira (足軽頭), (literally "ashigaru head"), and were provided with an annual stipend of 200 to 500 koku.
Usual equipment and Armanent
The ashigaru were foot soldiers—the cavalry was the territory of the samurai. They might have been armed with katana or just with spears (yari) unless they served as handlers of catapults. In the 1500s, they were also armed with arquebuses. As battles became more complex and forces larger, ashigaru were rigorously trained so that they would hold their ranks in the face of enemy fire. Their armor consisted of conical hats (jingasa) made of lacquered hardened leather, breastplates and occasionally greaves protecting the legs. Some also donned small banners on their back during battle for identification purposes, called sashimono. They needed to bring provisions for themselves until reaching local gathering points and from this point on, were provided provisions from daimyo's warehouses.
Service in war
In the Onin War, ashigaru gained a reputation as unruly troops when they looted and burned Miyako (modern-day Kyoto). In the following Sengoku period some of them rose to greater prominence. The most famous of them was Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who also raised many of his warrior followers to samurai status. Yamauchi Katsutoyo was one of such samurai and later daimyo who rose from ashigaru.
New weapons, new tactics, and discontinuation
Ashigaru formed the backbone of samurai armies in the later periods. The real change for the ashigaru began in mid 16th century with the introduction of guns from foreign traders, such as the Portuguese. Almost immediately local daimyo started to equip their ashigaru with the new weapon that required little training to use proficiently, as compared to the Japanese longbow which took many years to learn.
The advantage of the new powerful ranged weapon proved decisive to samurai warfare. This was demonstrated at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, where carefully positioned ashigaru with muskets thwarted Takeda's repeated heavy cavalry charges against the Oda clan's defensive lines and broke the back of the Takeda war machine.
After the battle, the ashigarus' role in the armies were cemented as a very powerful complement to the samurai. The advantage was used in the two invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597 against the Koreans and later the Chinese.
However, the invasion of Korea took a heavy toll on the Ashigaru. Due to their inferior equipment and shorter training compared to the samurai, they took the brunt of the losses in the Imjin War, and their lesser training made them more susceptible to the Koreans' guerilla style ambushes. Many ashigaru in Korea were lost after their transports were sunk in the Battle of Noryang Point.
Following the rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate the conscription of ashigaru fell into disuse.
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