About Opentopia
Opentopia Directory Encyclopedia Tools

Auburn University

Encyclopedia : A : AU : AUB : Auburn University

 

Auburn University (AU) is a state university located in Auburn, Alabama, in the United States. With over 23,000 students and 1,200 faculty, it is the largest university in the state and according to U.S. News & World Report, has a selectivity rating of "more selective." Auburn was chartered on February 1, 1856, as the East Alabama Male College, a private liberal arts school affiliated with the Methodist Church. The college was donated to the state of Alabama in 1872, when it became the state's public land-grant university under the Morrill Act and was renamed the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. In 1892, the college became the first four-year coeducational school in the state. The college was renamed the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (API) in 1899. In 1960, its name was changed to Auburn University, as it had long been popularly known. Auburn is one of only 13 American universities designated as a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant research center.

Contents

History

"Old Main," the first building on Auburn's campus, was destroyed by fire in 1887.
Enlarge
"Old Main," the first building on Auburn's campus, was destroyed by fire in 1887.

API Cadets drill on Ross Square in 1917.
Enlarge
API Cadets drill on Ross Square in 1917.

API Cadets and students wait at the train station for trains to Atlanta or Montgomery, circa 1943
Enlarge
API Cadets and students wait at the train station for trains to Atlanta or Montgomery, circa 1943

Auburn University was chartered by the Alabama Legislature as the East Alabama Male College on May 6, 1856, under the guidance of the Methodist Church. However, from its very first day, it has always been called "Auburn." The first President of the institution was Reverend William J. Sasnett, and the school opened its doors in 1859 to a student body of eighty and a faculty of ten. The early history of Auburn is inextricably linked with the Civil War and the Reconstruction era South. Some of the first secession debates in Alabama occurred in Langdon Hall on the campus of the East Alabama Male College. Classes were held in "Old Main" until the college was closed due to the Civil War, when most of the students and faculty left to enlist. The campus was used as a training ground for the Confederate Army, and "Old Main" served as a hospital for Confederate wounded.

To commemorate Auburn's contribution to the Civil War, a cannon lathe used for the manufacture of cannons for the Confederate Army and recovered from Selma, Alabama, was presented to Auburn in 1952 by brothers of Delta Chapter of the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity. It sits today on the lawn next to Samford Hall.

Post-Civil War

The school was reopened in 1866 following the end of the Civil War and has been open ever since. In 1872, control of the institution was transferred from the Methodist Church to the State of Alabama for financial reasons. Alabama placed the school under the provisions of the Morrill Act as a land-grant institution, the first in the South to be established separate from the state university. This act provided for 240,000 acres (971 km²) of Federal land to be sold in order to provide funds for an agricultural and mechanical school. As a result, in 1872 the school was renamed to the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama.

Under the provisions of this act, land-grant institutions were also supposed to teach military tactics and train officers for the United States military. In the late 1800s, most students at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama were enrolled in the cadet program, learning military tactics and training to become future officers. Each county in the state was allowed to nominate two cadets to attend the college free of charge.

In 1892, two historic events occurred: women were first admitted to the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, and football was first played as a school sport. Eventually, football replaced polo as the main sport on campus. In 1899, the school name was again changed, this time to Alabama Polytechnic Institute.

On October 1, 1918, nearly all of Alabama Polytechnic Institute's able-bodied male students 18 or older voluntarily joined the United States Army for short-lived military careers on campus. The student-soldiers numbered 878, according to API President Charles Thach, and formed the academic section of the Student Army Training Corps. The vocational section was composed of enlisted men sent to Auburn for training in radio and mechanics. The students received honorable discharges two months later following the Armistice that ended World War I. API struggled through the great depression, having scrapped an extensive expansion program by then-President Bradford Knapp. Faculty salaries were cut drastically, and enrollment decreased along with state appropriations to the college.

During World War II, API again found its place training officers for the U.S. Military on campus; Auburn produced over 32,000 troops for the war effort. Following the end of World War II, API, like many colleges around the country, experienced a period of massive growth caused by returning soldiers taking advantage of their GI Bill offer of free education. In the five-year period following the end of the war, enrollment at API more than doubled.

Name Change: Auburn

Modern logo Recognizing that the school had moved beyond its agricultural and mechanical roots, it was granted university status by the Alabama Legislature in 1960 and officially renamed Auburn University, a name that better expressed the varied academic programs and expanded curriculum that the school had been offering for years. Like most universities in the American South, Auburn was racially segregated prior to 1963, with only white students being admitted. Compared to the images of George Wallace standing in the door of the University of Alabama, integration went smoothly at Auburn, with the first African-American student being admitted in 1964, and the first doctoral degree being granted to an African-American in 1967.

Today, Auburn has grown since its founding in 1856 to have the largest on-campus enrollment in the state of Alabama, with over 23,000 students and a faculty of almost 1,200 at the main campus in Auburn. Additionally, there are over 6,000 students at the Auburn University Montgomery satellite campus established in 1967.

Academics

Samford Hall, located on College Street in Auburn, houses the University's administration.
Enlarge
Samford Hall, located on College Street in Auburn, houses the University's administration.

According to the most recent rankings from U.S. News & World Report, Auburn University is once again the highest-ranked university in the state of Alabama, and Auburn has held the number one ranking in the state for 12 of the previous 13 years. In the latest U.S. News & World Report rankings, Auburn was rated 38th among the nation's top 50 public universities. Auburn's reputation as the best university in Alabama has long been recognized by other academic ranking services. For instance, in the inaugural edition (1981) of the widely respected Peterson's Guides to America's 296 Most Competitive Colleges, Auburn was the only college or university in Alabama included.

Auburn is a charter member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), which is comprised of 11 of the largest Southern public universities in the US and one private university, Vanderbilt. Among the other 10 peer public universities, only 2 are ranked ahead of Auburn by U.S. News & World Report. This high ranking and reputation for academic quality is all the more astonishing given that Auburn's endowment is currently the second smallest of the 12 SEC universities. Efforts are underway, though, to significantly enlarge the university's endowment and create a large number of scholarships for bright students. The “It Begins at Auburn” program is a $500 million comprehensive, campaign supporting Auburn’s vision to become one of the nation's leading public universities. The fundraising initiative impacts students, faculty, facilities, research and outreach.

The university currently consists of thirteen schools and colleges. Programs in engineering, architecture and business have been ranked among the best in the country and Auburn also boasts strong programs in veterinary medicine, mathematics, science, agriculture, and journalism. The university's core curriculum has been recognized as one of the best in the nation.

The College of Engineering has a long (134 years) and rich tradition of engineering education, consistently ranking in the nation's top twenty engineering programs in terms of numbers of engineers graduating annually. The College has a combined enrollment of close to 4,000. Auburn's College of Engineering, not content with its tradition of excellence in the established disciplines of engineering such as Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial, Textile, Aerospace, Agricultural, and Chemical engineering, recently made a jump into the future when alumnus Samuel L. Ginn desired that his alma mater should take the national lead in the teaching of modern wireless communication and related engineering research. In 2001, Ginn, a noted US pioneer in wireless communication, made a $25 million gift to the college and announced plans to spearhead an additional $150 million in support. This gave Auburn the first Bachelor of Wireless Engineering degree program in the United States. Auburn University was already the first university in the Southeast to offer the bachelor of software engineering degree and the master of software engineering degree.

Auburn has several other nationally ranked engineering programs. U.S. News and World Reports "America's Best Graduate Schools 2006" ranks the Ginn College of Engineering 77th in the Top 100 in their field nation wide. Auburn's Industrial and Systems Engineering ranked 27th,Civil Engineering ranked 48th,Chemical Engineering ranked 55th, and Mechanical Engineering ranked 69th.

The architecture profession’s publication Design-Intelligence recently ranked Auburn's School of Architecture as the No. 1 school in the South for preparing its graduates for the professional field. In addition, the school was ranked No. 10 in value nationally, with a 9th place national ranking for the Interior Architecture program. Of critical mention here is the School's Rural Studio programme, founded by the late Samuel Mockbee, Professor of Architecture.

Based on academic quality, the Economics Department, in the College of Business, was ranked 123rd in the world in 1999 by the Journal of Applied Econometrics. Auburn was rated ahead of such international powerhouses as INSEAD in France (141st) and the London Business School (146th). Auburn's MBA Program in the College of Business has annually been ranked by U.S. News and World Report magazine in the top ten percent of the nation's more than 750 MBA Programs.

Nationally recognized ROTC programs are available in three branches of service: Air Force, Army, and Navy/Marine Corps. Each of these three ROTC units is ranked among the top ten in the nation. Auburn is one of only seven schools in the Nuclear Enlisted Commissioning Program. Over 100 officers that attended Auburn have reached flag rank (general or admiral), including in the last decade two alumni who served as Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff (the most senior member of the US Armed Forces) and one who served as Commandant of the US Marine Corps (the nation's top Marine). Auburn has also been one of the top ROTC producers of Navy nuclear submarine officers.

Auburn has graduated six astronauts (including TK Mattingly of Apollo 13 fame, and Jim Voss) and one current and one former director of the Kennedy Space Center. Several hundred Auburn engineering graduates have worked for NASA.

Auburn University owns and operates the 334-acre Auburn-Opelika Robert G. Pitts Airport, providing flight education and fuel, maintenance, and airplane storage. The Auburn University Aviation Department is fully certified by the FAA as an Air Agency with examining authority for private, commercial, instrument, and multiengine courses. The airport has no commercial service into and out of Auburn. Instead, most people use the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, which is a roughly a 1 hr. 45 min. drive to/from Auburn.

Auburn University has long been recognized as having some of the best agriculture, fisheries, and poultry science programs in the South. The Old Rotation on campus is the oldest continuous agricultural experiment in the Southeast, and third oldest in the United States, dating from 1896.

Schools and year originated:

Student life

Housing

For most of the early history of Auburn, boarding houses and barracks made up most of the student housing. Even into the 1970s, boarding houses were still available in the community. It wasn't until the great depression that Auburn began to construct the first buildings on campus that were "dorms" in the modern sense of the word. As the university gradually shifted away from agricultural and military instruction to more of an academic institution, more and more dorms began to replace the barracks and boarding houses.

Auburn's first dorms were hardly luxurious. Magnolia Dormitory, built in the 1950s and demolished in 1987, was once used by the state of Alabama in its defense against a lawsuit brought by state prison inmates. The inmates claimed that housing two men in a cell of particularly small dimensions constituted 'cruel and unusual punishment.' The state argued in court that students at Auburn actually paid to live in even smaller living spaces—at Magnolia Dorm. The inmates lost the case.

In the last twenty years, the city of Auburn has experienced a rapid growth in the number of apartment complexes constructed. Most Auburn students today live off-campus in the apartment complexes and condos, which surround the immediate area around the university. Less than 25 percent of Auburn students live on campus.

Auburn's on-campus student housing consists of four complexes located at various locations over campus. The Quad is the oldest of the four, dating to the great depression projects begun by the Works Progress Administration and located in Central Campus. Made up of 11 buildings, the Quad houses mostly undergraduates in coed, alternating-floor buildings. The Hill is made up of 14 buildings and is located in South Campus, though it is traditionally referred to only as "The Hill." The Hill houses mostly undergraduate women with the exception of the two high-rise dormatories (Boyd and Sasnett), which are coed on alternating floors.

The Village is located west of Campus and consists of 19 buildings of one- and two-bedroom apartments. This area was originally designated as married student housing, ideal for students who were already starting small families during their final years at Auburn. However, it now houses mostly undergraduates. The Extension is a block of six buildings (labeled A, B, C, D, E, and F), each comprised of two-bedroom apartments housing undergraduates. After the Spring Semester 2006, The Village will be closing and will be demolished.

Greek life

Male Greeks in Auburn are roughly divided into two separate areas: Old Row and New Row. "Old Row" traditionally was made up of the fraternities whose houses were located along Magnolia Avenue on the north side of campus. "New Row" is made up of fraternities whose houses were located along Lem Morrison Drive southwest of campus. However, being an "Old Row" or "New Row" fraternity doesn't really depend on where the house is located but on the age of the fraternity. Ergo, there are some "Old Row" fraternities with houses on "New Row" Lem Morrison Drive because they moved there. Today's "Old Row" on and around Magnolia Avenue was once the "New Row," as the first generation of fraternity houses at Auburn were on or near College Street. Most of these houses were demolished by the end of the 1970s, and only two fraternity houses remain on College today.

Because of the stipulations of a grant to Auburn made in the early 1900s, female Greek sororities are not allowed to have private houses. Instead, they are housed in the dorms located on the Hill. This had the unintended side effect of keeping dues for these sororities among the lowest in the nation.

Greek Life is important at Auburn, but is not as prevalent as at other institutions such as the University of Alabama. Roughly 18 percent of men and 34 percent of women are in Greek organizations at Auburn. Some say that because of the low percentages there is a marked lack of animosity between greeks and independents.

Athletics and traditions

Auburn University's sports teams are known as the Tigers, and they participate in Division I-A of the NCAA and in the Western Division of the 12-member Southeastern Conference (SEC). Auburn routinely fields nationally competitive teams in football, men's and women's swimming and diving, baseball and women's basketball.

Athletics

Monument outside Jordan-Hare Stadium
Enlarge
Monument outside Jordan-Hare Stadium

Football

Auburn's football program, currently coached by Tommy Tuberville, has consistently been one of the most successful National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A college football programs in the last 50 years. The current NCAA website states that "while the NCAA does not conduct a national championship in Division I-A football and is not involved in the selection process," it states that "a number of polling organizations provide a final ranking of Division I-A football teams at the end of each season." The NCAA website then lists four Auburn squads that have been named "National Champion" by at least one organization: the undefeated 1993 team (National Championship Foundation); 1983 (11-1) team (FACT, Football Research, New York Times); the undefeated 1957 team (Associated Press, Football Research, Helms, National Championship Foundation, Poling, Williamson); and the undefeated 1913 team (Billingsley). Unlike other universities that readily accept any declaration of a national championship from any organization, however obscure, Auburn University officially (and modestly) only claims the Associated Press (AP) National Championship of 1957.

Billingsley’s All Time Top Programs (1869-2005) lists Auburn as the 14th best college football program in history, with an overall record of 653 wins, 384 losses, and 48 ties. The Associated Press poll statistics (1936-2005) show Auburn with the 13th best national record of being ranked in the AP poll (ranked 443 times out of 938 polls since the poll began in 1936).

Two Auburn players, Bo Jackson in 1985 and Pat Sullivan in 1971, have won the Heisman Trophy. The Trophy's namesake, John Heisman, coached at Auburn from 1895 until 1899. Auburn is the only school where Heisman coached (among others, Georgia Tech and Clemson) that has produced a Heisman Trophy winner. Auburn's Jordan-Hare Stadium has a capacity of 87,451 ranking as the eighth-largest on-campus stadium in the NCAA as of December 2005. Auburn played its first game in 1892 against the University of Georgia at Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia starting what is currently the oldest college football rivalry in the Deep South. The Tigers' first bowl appearance was in 1937 in the sixth Bacardi Bowl played in Havana, Cuba. As of 2005, AU Football has won six SEC Conference Championships, and since the division of the conference in 1992, six western division championships and three trips to the SEC Championship game. Auburn plays archrival Alabama each year in a game known as the Iron Bowl.

Auburn completed the 2004 football season with an unblemished 13–0 record winning the SEC championship, their first conference title since 1989 and their first outright title since 1987. However, this achievement was somewhat overshadowed by the Tigers being left out of the BCS championship game in deference to two other undefeated, higher ranked teams, USC and Oklahoma. The 2004 team was led by quarterback Jason Campbell, running backs Carnell Williams and Ronnie Brown, and cornerback Carlos Rogers, all subsequently drafted in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft. The team gained a new offensive coordinator, Al Borges, who led the team to use the west coast style offense which maximized the use of both star running backs.

Swimming and diving

In the last decade under head coach David Marsh, Auburn's swimming and diving program has become a dynasty both in the SEC and nationally, with consecutive NCAA championships for both the men and women in 2003 and 2004. The men won their fourth consecutive national title in 2006, and the women also won the national title. The Auburn women have now won four national championships in the last eight years. As of 2006, the Auburn men have won the SEC Championship twelve out of the last thirteen years, including the last ten in a row, and also won six NCAA national championships (1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 [link].) Coach Marsh, who has been an U.S. Olympic coach, is considered one of the top three swim coaches in the world #redirect [[Template:Fact]]; and AU swimmers have represented the U.S. and several other countries in recent Olympic Games. Auburn's most famous swimmer is Olympic gold medalist Rowdy Gaines, winner of three gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Auburn's most successful female Olympic swimmer is Kirsty Coventry (swimming for her home country of Zimbabwe) who won gold, silver, and bronze medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Men's basketball

The Auburn men's basketball team has enjoyed off-and-on success over the years. Its best known player is Charles Barkley. Other NBA players from Auburn are Eddie Johnson, Mike Mitchell, Chuck Person, Chris Morris, Wesley Person, Chris Porter, Mamadou N'diaye, Jamison Brewer, Moochie Norris, Marquis Daniels, and Pat Burke.

Women's basketball

The Auburn University women's basketball team has been consistently competitive both nationally and within the SEC. Despite playing in the same conference as perenial powerhouse Tennessee and other competitive programs such as LSU, Georgia, and Vanderbilt, Auburn has won four regular season SEC championships and four SEC Tournament championships. AU has made sixteen appearances in the NCAA women's basketball tournament and only once, in their first appearance in 1982, have the Tigers lost in the first round. Auburn played in three consecutive National Championship games from 1988–1990 and won the Women's NIT in 2003. When Coach Joe Ciampi announced his retirement after twenty-five years at the end of the 2003–2004 season, the resulting search snared the highly experienced, former Purdue and U.S. National and Olympic team head coach, Nell Fortner. Standout former Auburn players include: Ruthie Bolton, Vickie Orr, Carolyn Jones, Chantel Tremitiere and Monique Morehouse.

Baseball

Auburn Baseball has won six SEC championships, three SEC Tournament championships, appeared in sixteen NCAA Regionals and reached the College World Series (CWS) four times. After a disappointing 2003–2004 season, former Auburn assistant-coach Tom Slater was named head coach. Samford Stadium-Hitchcock Field at Plainsman Park is considered one of the finest facilities in college baseball and has a seating capacity of 4,096 not including lawn areas. In addition to Bo Jackson, Auburn has supplied several other stand-out players to Major League Baseball, including Frank Thomas, Gregg Olson, Scott Sullivan, Tim Hudson, Mark Bellhorn, and Gabe Gross.

Women's Golf

Auburn's Women's Golf team has risen to be extremely competitive in the NCAA in recent years. Since 1999, they hold a 854-167-13(.826 win percentage)record. The team have been in five NCAA finals and finished second in 2002 and then third in 2005. The program has a total of five SEC Championships. In October of 2005, Auburn was named the #3 team nationally out of 229 total teams since 1999 by GolfWeek magazine.

Since 1996, the team has been headed by Coach Kim Evans (alumnus 1981) who has turned the program into one of the most competitive in the nation. Coach Evans has helped develop All-Americans, SEC Players of the Year as well as three SEC Freshman of the Year. She has lead the Tigers to eight-straight NCAA appearances.

Track and Field

The Auburn women's track and field team won its first ever national title in 2006 at the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, scoring 57 points to win over the University of Southern California, which finished second with 38.5 points. Auburn posted All-American performances in nine events, including two individual national champions and three second-place finishers, and broke two school records during the four-day event.

Auburn's men's team finished second at the 2003 NCAA Outdoor Championships and at the 1978, 1997 and 2003 NCAA Indoor Championships. The women's team finished 14th (2002, 2003) at the Outdoor Championships and seventh (2003) at the Indoor Championships.

Equestrian

Auburn's Equestrian team captured the 2006 National Championship, the first Equestrian National Championship in school history. Senior Kelly Gottfried and junior Whitney Kimble posted team-high scores in their respective divisions as the Auburn equestrian team clinched the overall national championship at the 2006 Varsity Equestrian Championships at the EXPO/New Mexico State Fairgrounds in Albuquerque, N.M.

Traditions

Tiger Walk

Two hours before kickoff of each Auburn home football game, thousands of Auburn fans line Donahue Drive to cheer on the team as they walk from Sewell Hall (the athletes' dormitory) to Jordan-Hare Stadium. The tradition began in the 1960s when groups of kids would walk up the street to greet the team and get autographs. During the tenure of coach Doug Barfield, the coach urged fans to come out and support the team, and thousands did. Today the team, led by the coaches, walks down the hill and into the stadium surrounded by fans who pat them on the back and shake their hands as they walk. To date, the largest Tiger Walk occurred on December 2, 1989, before the first ever home football game against rival Alabama—the Iron Bowl. On that day, an estimated 20,000 fans packed the one block section of road leading to the stadium. According to former athletic director David Housel, Tiger Walk has become "the most copied tradition in all of college football."[link]

Toomer's Corner

The intersection of Magnolia and College streets in Auburn, which marks the transition from downtown Auburn to the university campus, is known as Toomer's Corner. It is named after Toomer's Drugs, a small store on the corner that has been an Auburn landmark for over 150 years. Hanging over the corner are two massive old-growth oak trees, and anytime anything good happens concerning Auburn, toilet paper can usually be found hanging from the trees. Also known as "rolling the corner," this tradition is said to have begun when Toomer's Drugs had the only telegraph in the city. During away football games, when employees of the local drug store received news of a win, they would roll the oak trees to signal a win to the public. Traditionally only used as a way to celebrate football victories, in recent years it has become a way to celebrate anything good that happens concerning Auburn. In 1995 and 2001, students even rolled the corner to celebrate NCAA probations against arch-rival Alabama.

War Eagle

There are many stories surrounding the origins of Auburn's battle cry, "War Eagle." The most popular account involves the first Auburn football game in 1892 between Auburn and the University of Georgia. According to the story, in the stands that day was an old Civil War soldier with an eagle that he had found injured on a battlefield and kept as a pet. The eagle broke free and began to circle the field as Auburn began to march toward the Georgia end-zone. The crowd began to chant, "War Eagle" as the eagle soared; Auburn fans move one fist in a circle during the "War Eagle" chant during kickoffs to symbolize the Civil War Eagle from that first game. After Auburn won the game, the eagle crashed to the field and died but, according to the legend, his spirit lives on every time an Auburn man or woman yells "War Eagle!" The battle cry of "War Eagle" also functions as a greeting for those associated with the University. For many years, a live golden eagle has embodied the spirit of this tradition. The eagle was once housed on campus in The Eagle's Cage, but the cage was taken down and the eagle moved to a nearby raptor center.

Wreck Tech Pajama Parade

The Wreck Tech Pajama Parade originated in 1896, when a group of mischievous Auburn ROTC cadets, determined to show up the more well-known engineers from Georgia Tech, sneaked out of their dorms the night before the football game between Auburn and Tech and greased the railroad tracks. According to the story, the train carrying the Georgia Tech team slid through town and didn't stop until it was halfway to the neighboring town of Loachapoka, Alabama, The Georgia Tech team was forced to walk the five miles back to Auburn and, not surprisingly, were rather weary at the end of their journey. This likely contributed to their 45–0 loss. While the railroad long ago ceased to be the way teams traveled to Auburn and students never greased the tracks again, the tradition continues in the form of a parade through downtown Auburn. Students parade through the streets in their pajamas and organizations build floats. This tradition has recently been renewed with Georgia Tech returning to Auburn's schedule after nearly two decades of absence.

Marching Band

The Auburn University Marching Band has a reputation as one of the nation's finest university marching bands. The band has long inspired generations of Auburn students and fans, particularly at football games and pep rallies. The band was named the 2004 winner of the Sudler Intercollegiate Marching Band Trophy, the nation's highest and most coveted award for college and university marching bands. This award is considered the "Heisman Trophy" for marching bands, and is the only national collegiate award given by The Sousa Foundation to a university band that has a proven record of "excellence" for its marching band program. The purpose of the Sudler Trophy "is to identify and recognize collegiate marching bands of particular excellence that have made outstanding contributions to the American way of life."

Selected Student Organizations

Media

Politics

General Interest

Statistics

Enrollment

Notable

Faculty

Graduates

Other alumni (did not graduate)

Appearances

Points of interest

Reference

External links

 

From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.

Search Titles
0123456789
ABCDEFGHIJ
KLMNOPQRST
UVWXYZ?

E-mail this article to:

Personal Message: