Baltic-Finnic languages
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Baltic-Finnic languages, better known as Finnic languages, are a subgroup of Finno-Ugric languages, spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people. Of them Finnish and Estonian are the official languages of their respective nationstates. Other Finnic languages of Northern Europe include Meänkieli, Kainu and Karelian.
Some Finnic languages, such as Võro, are small and without national recognition. Several have recently extinguished or extinguished in practice, such as Votic, Livonian and Ingrian.
Sami languages do not belong to this group; their relation is more distant, and they show features not found in Baltic-Finnic, such as the dual number along with the singular and plural found in Baltic-Finnic. However, they have been in extensive contact with the Baltic-Finnic languages. There are a lot of Sami loans in Finnish and vice versa, for example.
The Finno-Ugric group is itself part of the Uralic language group. Thus the Baltic-Finnic languages are, unlike most languages spoken in Europe, not part of the Indo-European language family. Major languages in the part of Europe surrounding the area of the Baltic-Finnic languages, are from the Baltic, Slavic or Germanic subgroups of the Indo-European family, and very importantly in terms of historical linguistics, the Sami languages. However, Baltic-Finnic languages are relatively conservative, and conscious effort has been made in, e.g., Finnish to prevent overt foreign influence.
There are many shared roots, creating numerous "false friends", but there is little or no mutual intelligibility. For example, Finnish rääkyä "to bray, to squall", Estonian rääkima "to speak", or Finnish helistää "to rattle", Estonian helistama "to call in".
Baltic-Finnic languages are closest related to the Sami languages, and rather distinct from the rest of Finno-Ugric languages, but form a tighter group together. This is because of the Slavic expansion, which isolated the Baltic-Finnic and Sami languages from the rest of the Finnic language group, confining the Finno-Saamic group to the Baltic Sea area. The Baltic-Finnic languages shared a proto-language with Sami about 1500-1000 BC, and the Estonian-Finnish split was approximately 2000 years ago at the turn of the first millennium.
Baltic-Finnic languages share some obviously noticeable features. The consonant sets are rather simple, featuring no voicing contrast, and almost all are alveolar consonants. However, there are two chronemes, which are phonemic: short, half-long geminate and over-long geminate consonants distinguish meanings and thus are different phonemes. The same goes with vowels; short, half-long and over-long vowels distinguish meanings. The meaning-distinguishing effect is the strongest in Estonian, where all three lengths are fully phonemic; other languages distinguish only two lengths, where half-long is an allophone of short. There is a large number of vocalic phonemes with strong contrasts between them and complex diphthong systems. For example, Estonian has nine monophthongs [aeiouyæøɤ] in three different lengths, and 26 diphthongs, each a distinct phoneme. The modern Baltic-Finnic diphthongs are an exclusively Baltic-Finnic innovation.
The morphophonology (how the grammatical function of a morpheme affects its production) is complex. One important morphophonological process is vowel harmony, another consonant gradation. This is a lenition process, where a word-final stop is changed into a "weaker" form with some (but not all) oblique cases. For geminates, the process is simple to describe: geminates become simple stops, e.g. kuppia → kupin. For simple consonants, the process complicates immensely, since the stops would become voiced fricatives, but there are no such fricatives, and some other consonant is selected instead, according to the phonetic environment. For example, haka → haan, kyky → kyvyn, järki → järjen (Finnish). Another important process, strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian, is the "erosion" of word-final sounds. This may leave a phonemic status to the morphophonological variations caused by the agglutination of the lost suffixes, which is the source of the third length level in these languages.
In grammar, Baltic-Finnic languages follow the pattern of Uralic languages. There are a large number of grammatical cases, which are generally speaking denoted by adding a suffix. In some languages and contexts, the suffix may be deleted, but leave its mark on the parent word. For example, in Estonian, the genitive case may be distinguished from the nominative only by preventing the elision of the word-final vowel, as in linn ← *linna "city", vs. linna ← *linnan "of the city". The dual number is lost, in contrast to Sami.
With the Sami languages Baltic-Finnic languages share consonant gradation and the three-way consonant length contrast. Palatalization was lost be proto-Finnic, but dialects reacquired it, probably from Slavic. Standard or Western Finnish, however, did not. Therefore, it is found in East Finnish and Estonian, and their descendants, but not in originally West Finnish dialects. For more features, see Finno-Ugric languages.
The Urheimat of Baltic-Finnic speaking peoples is believed to be somewhere in the region of what is now Estonia, and consequently, the most central, integrated and oldest loans are from the Baltic languages, (proto-)Lithuanian and (proto-)Latvian. German and Russian are also the origin of some loans, added with other Germanic, such as Gothic or later Swedish, loans. There is little overt Russian influence in most languages, except in smaller languages, such as Karelian, which have come under the influence of the Soviet Union and violent, even genocidal Russification.
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