Battle of Fort Hindman
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| Operations Against Vicksburg |
|---|
| Chickasaw Bayou – Arkansas Post |
The Battle of Fort Hindman, or the Battle of Arkansas Post, was fought from January 9 to January 11 1863, near the mouth of the Arkansas River at Arkansas Post, Arkansas, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.
Background
The Confederate Army constructed an earthen fortification near Arkansas Post, forty-five miles downriver from Pine Bluff, to protect the Arkansas River and as a base for disrupting shipping on the Mississippi River. The fort was named Fort Hindman in honor of General Thomas C. Hindman of Arkansas. It was manned by approximately 5,000 men, primarily Texas cavalry and Arkansas infantry, in three brigades under Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Churchill.Union Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand was an ambitious politician and had permission from Abraham Lincoln to launch a corps-sized offensive against Vicksburg from Memphis, Tennessee, hoping for military glory (and subsequent political gain). This plan was at odds with those of Army of the Tennessee commander, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. McClernand ordered Grant's subordinate, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, to join the troops of his corps with McClernand's, calling the two corps the Army of the Mississippi, approximately 33,000 men. He launched his quest for glory on January 4 with a combined army-navy force movement on Arkansas Post, rather than Vicksburg, as he had told Lincoln (and did not bother to inform Grant or general in chief Henry W. Halleck).
Battle
Union boats began landing troops near Arkansas Post in the evening of January 9 and the troops started up river towards Fort Hindman. Sherman’s corps overran Confederate trenches, and the enemy retreated to the protection of the fort and adjacent rifle-pits. Flag Officer David D. Porter, on January 10, moved his fleet towards Fort Hindman and bombarded it, withdrawing at dusk. Union artillery fired on the fort from positions across the river on January 11, effectively silencing most of the Confederate guns in the fort, and the infantry moved into position for an attack. Union ironclads commenced shelling the fort and Porter’s fleet passed it to cut off any retreat. As a result of this envelopment, and the attack by McClernand’s troops, the Confederate command surrendered in the afternoon, despite orders to Churchill that he must defend the fort at all costs.The results of the battle were 6,547 total casualties: Union forces suffered 1,047, with 134 killed; Confederate about 5,500, almost all by surrender. Although Union losses were high and the victory did not contribute to the capture of Vicksburg, it did eliminate one more impediment to Union shipping on the Mississippi. Grant was furious, ordered McClernand back to the Mississippi, disbanded the Army of the Mississippi, and assumed personal command of the Vicksburg Campaign.
Union order of battle
Army of the Mississippi: MG John A. McClernand
XIII Corps: BG George W. Morgan1st Division: BG Andrew J. Smith
- 1st Brigade: BG Stephen G. Burbridge
- 2nd Brigade: Col William J. Landram
- 1st Brigade: Col Lionel A. Sheldon
- 2nd Brigade: Col Daniel W. Lindsey
- 3rd Brigade: Col John F. DeCourcy
1st Division: BG Frederick Steele
- 1st Brigade: BG Francis Preston Blair, Jr.
- 2nd Brigade: BG Charles E. Hovey
- 3rd Brigade: BG John Milton Thayer
- 1st Brigade: Col Giles A. Smith
- 2nd Brigade: Col Thomas K. Smith
Naval forces: Flag Officer David D. Porter
Fifty transport ships and 13 gunboats, including the USS Black Hawk, USS Lexington, USS Signal, USS New Era, USS Romeo, USS Rattler, USS Glide, and the ironclads USS Baron DeKalb, USS Louisville, USS Cincinnati, and USS Beardsley.
Confederate order of battle
Fort Hindman Garrison: BG Thomas J. Churchill
1st Brigade: Col. Robert R. Garland
2nd Brigade: Col. James Deshler
3rd Brigade: Col. John W. Dunnington
References
- Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
- [National Park Service battle description]
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