Benjamin Harrison
Encyclopedia : B : BE : BEN : Benjamin Harrison
- This article is about the President of the United States. For other uses, see Benjamin Harrison (disambiguation).
Biography
A grandson of President William Henry Harrison and great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, Benjamin was born on August 20, 1833, in North Bend, Hamilton County, Ohio as the second of eight children of John Scott Harrison (later a U.S. Congressman from Ohio) and Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin. He attended Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, where he was a member of the fraternity Phi Delta Theta, (later in life, he joined Delta Chi) and graduated in 1852. He studied law in Cincinnati, Ohio, then moved to Indianapolis, Indiana in 1854. He was admitted to the bar and became reporter of the decisions of the Indiana Supreme Court.Harrison served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and was appointed Commander of the 70th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment in August of 1862. The unit performed reconnaissance duty and guarded railroads in Kentucky and Tennessee until Sherman's Atlanta Campaign in 1864. Harrison was brevetted as a brigadier general, and commanded a Brigade at Resaca, Cassville, New Hope Church, Lost Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Criege, and the Siege of Atlanta. Harrison was later transferred to the Army of the Cumberland and participated in the Siege of Nashville and the Grand Review in Washington D.C. before mustering out in 1865.
While in the field in October 1864, he was re-elected reporter of the State supreme court and served four years. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for governor of Indiana in 1876. He was appointed a member of the Mississippi River Commission in 1879 and elected as a Republican to the United States Senate, where he served from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1887. He was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (47th Congress) and U.S. Senate Committee on Territories (48th and 49th Congresses).
Harrison was married twice. On October 20, 1853, he married Caroline Lavina Scott (1832-1892). They had two children who lived to adulthood, Russell Benjamin Harrison (1854-1936) and Mary Harrison McKee (1858-1930), as well as a daughter who died very shortly after birth in 1861. After Caroline Harrison's death of tuberculosis in 1892 while Harrison was in office, he married his wife's widowed niece and former secretary Mary Scott Lord Dimmick (1858-1948) on April 6, 1896. They had one daughter, Elizabeth Harrison (1897-1955).
Presidency 1889-1893
Policies
After beating John Sherman for the Republican presidential nomination, Harrison was elected President of the United States in 1889. In the Presidential election, Harrison received 100,000 fewer popular votes than incumbent President Grover Cleveland but carried the Electoral College 233 to 168. Although Harrison had made no political bargains, his supporters had given innumerable pledges upon his behalf. When Boss Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach...the penitentiary to make him President." He was inaugurated on March 4, 1889, and served through March 3, 1893. Harrison was also known as the "centennial president" because his inauguration was the 100th anniversary of the inauguration of George Washington.
For Harrison, Civil Service reform was a no-win situation. Congress was split so far apart on the issue that agreeing to any measure for one side would alienate the other. The issue became a popular political football of the time and was immortalized in a cartoon captioned "What can I do when both parties insist on kicking?"
Harrison was proud of the vigorous foreign policy which he helped shape. The first Pan-American Congress met in Washington, D.C. in 1889, establishing an information center which later became the Pan American Union. At the end of his administration, Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii; to his disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it.
The most perplexing domestic problem Harrison faced was the tariff issue. The high tariff rates in effect had created a surplus of money in the Treasury. Low-tariff advocates argued that the surplus was hurting business. Republican leaders in Congress successfully met the challenge. Representative William McKinley and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich framed a still higher tariff bill; some rates were intentionally prohibitive.
Harrison tried to make the tariff more acceptable by writing in reciprocity provisions. To cope with the Treasury surplus, the tariff was removed from imported raw sugar; sugar growers within the United States were given two cents per pound bounty on their production.
Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had evaporated and prosperity seemed about to disappear. Congressional elections in 1890 went against the Republicans, and party leaders decided to abandon President Harrison, although he had cooperated with Congress on party legislation. Nevertheless, his party renominated him in 1892, but he was defeated by Cleveland. Just 2 weeks earlier, on October 25, 1892, Harrison's wife, Caroline died after a long battle with tuberculosis.
Significant events
- Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
- Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
- McKinley Tariff (1890)
- Ocala Demands (1890)
- Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Administration and Cabinet
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | Benjamin Harrison | 1889–1893 |
| Vice President | Levi P. Morton | 1889–1893 |
| Secretary of State | James G. Blaine | 1889–1892 |
| John W. Foster | 1892–1893 | |
| Secretary of the Treasury | William Windom | 1889–1891 |
| Charles Foster | 1891–1893 | |
| Secretary of War | Redfield Proctor | 1889–1891 |
| Stephen B. Elkins | 1891–1893 | |
| Attorney General | William H. H. Miller | 1889–1893 |
| Postmaster General | John Wanamaker | 1889–1893 |
| Secretary of the Navy | Benjamin F. Tracy | 1889–1893 |
| Secretary of the Interior | John W. Noble | 1889–1893 |
Supreme Court appointments
Harrison appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- David Josiah Brewer - 1890
- Henry Billings Brown - 1891
- George Shiras, Jr. - 1892
- Howell Edmunds Jackson - 1893
States admitted to the Union
- North Dakota – 1889
- South Dakota – 1889
- Montana – 1889
- Washington – 1889
- Idaho – 1890
- Wyoming – 1890
Post-presidency
After he left office, Harrison returned to Indianapolis and remarried.He went to the First Peace Conference at The Hague.
He served as an attorney for the Republic of Venezuela in the boundary dispute between Venezuela and the United Kingdom in 1900.
Harrison developed the flu and a bad cold in February 1901. Despite treatment by steam vapor inhalation, Harrison's condition only worsened. Benjamin Harrison VI eventually died from influenza and pneumonia on Wednesday, March 13, 1901 and is interred in Crown Hill Cemetery.
Legacy
The Benjamin Harrison Law School in Indianapolis was named in his honor. In 1944, Indiana University acquired the school and renamed it Indiana University School of Law Indianapolis.In 1942, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Benjamin Harrison was launched. She was torpedoed and scuttled in 1943.
A U.S. Army base, Fort Benjamin Harrison, was established after Harrison's death in Indianapolis, but it was closed in the 1990s.
Harrison Hall, a co-educational dormatory at Purdue University, is named after President Harrison who served on the Board of Trustees of Purdue University from July 1895 to March 1901.
Trivia
- Benjamin Harrison is the only President with the distinction of being a grandson of a past President.
- Benjamin Harrison might be the first President whose voice was recorded. This recording, which was originally made on a phonograph cylinder, can be accessed [here].
- Harrison was the last President to wear a beard while in office but not the last to sport facial hair. Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft all had moustaches.
- Harrison had electricity installed in the White House for the first time, but he and his wife reportedly would not touch the light switches for fear of electrocution.
- In April 1891, Harrison became the first President to travel across the United States entirely by train.
- On June 7, 1892, Harrison became the first President to ever attend a baseball game.
- In 1892, Harrison and Whitelaw Reid formed the only U.S. presidential ticket composed of candidates that were also alumni of the same university, Miami University.
Media
- [Recording of Harrison] ([file info])
- *
- * Problems listening to the file? See [Media helpmedia help].
See also
- U.S. presidential election, 1888
- U.S. presidential election, 1892
- History of the United States (1865-1918)
References
- Charles W. Calhoun, Benjamin Harrison (2005), short biography
- [Davis R. Dewey. National Problems: 1880-1897 (1907)]
- H. Wayne Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896 (1969)
- Harry J.Sievers, Benjamin Harrison: v1 Hoosier Warrior, 1833-1865; v2: Hoosier Statesman From The Civil Was To The White House 1865-1888 (1959); v3: Benjamin Harrison. Hoosier President. The White House and After (1968) the major scholarly biography
Primary sources
External links