Berm

A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier separating two areas.

In mediaeval military engineering a berm or berme was a level space between a parapet or defensive wall and an adjacent steep-walled ditch or moat. It was intended to reduce soil pressure on the walls of the excavated part, to prevent it collapsing. In the trench warfare of World War I, the name was applied to a similar feature at the lip of a trench which served mainly as an elbow-rest for a rifleman while firing.

In modern military engineering, berm has come to refer to the wall or parapet itself, when it is constructed of earth or sod. The term especially refers to a low earthern wall adjacent to a ditch which provided the spoil from which the wall was constructed, typically constructed in a continuous action by a bulldozer or combat engineering vehicle. Walls constructed in this manner are an effective obstacle to vehicles, including most armoured fighting vehicles, but are easily crossed by infantry. Because of the efficiency of construction, such walls can be made hundreds or thousands of kilometres long.

In modern highway construction, a berm is a noise barrier constructed of earth, often landscaped, aligned along a highway to protect adjacent land users from noise pollution.

In the natural building movement, berming refers to piling earth against an exterior wall to create thermal mass or reduce the visible footprint of an earth-sheltered home.

In archeology, a berm is a narrow space (such as that between banks and ditches), and can also be used to describe a linear bank raised to separate two areas.

In some locations, a berm refers to a strip of grass that is located between a sidewalk and the curb of a street, elsewhere usually called a tree lawn, "verge" or "parking strip".

In Bicycle Motocross (BMX) bicycle racing a berm refers to a banked turn made from dirt that allows the racers to maintain high speed and possibly pass other competitors but reducing the chances of the racers sliding out and crashing. It is much like the banked turn in a velodrome for high speed track cycling racing but of a (generally) much tighter radius.

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Berm

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