Blueberry
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- For other uses, see Blueberry (disambiguation)}}}.
Blueberries are a group of flowering plants in the genus Vaccinium, sect. Cyanococcus. The species are native to North America and eastern Asia. They are shrubs varying in size from 10 cm tall to 4 m tall; the smaller species are known as "lowbush blueberries", and the larger species as "highbush blueberries". The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, and from 1-8 cm long and 0.5-3.5 cm broad. The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish. The fruit is botanically a true berry 5-16 mm diameter with a flared "crown" at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally turn blue or dark purple on ripening. They have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity. The blueberry season typically runs from May to October, peaking in July.
All the species whose common names in English include "blueberry" are currently classified in section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium. Other sections in the genus, native to other parts of the world including Europe, include other wild shrubs producing edible berries such as cranberries, bilberries and cowberries. Many of these have blue berries and are very similar in use and taste to blueberries. Furthermore their names in languages other than English often translate as "blueberry", e.g. Scots Blaeberry and Swedish Blåbär. There is thus considerable scope for confusion. This page, however, deals only with the plants called "blueberry" in English, i.e. section Cyanococcus of the genus.
- Species
- Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush Blueberry)
- Vaccinium boreale
- Vaccinium caesariense
- Vaccinium corymbosum (Northern Highbush Blueberry)
- Vaccinium darrowii (Southern Highbush Blueberry)
- Vaccinium elliottii (Elliot Blueberry)
- Vaccinium formosum
- Vaccinium fuscatum (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. V. atrococcum)
- Vaccinium hirsutum (Hairy-fruited Blueberry)
- Vaccinium koreanum
- Vaccinium myrsinites (Evergreen Blueberry)
- Vaccinium myrtilloides (Canadian Blueberry)
- Vaccinium pallidum (Dryland Blueberry)
- Vaccinium simulatum
- Vaccinium tenellum (Southern Blueberry)
- Vaccinium virgatum (Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. V. ashei)
Cultivation
Blueberries are both cultivated and picked wild. In North America, the most common cultivated species is V. corymbosum, the Northern Highbush Blueberry. Hybrids of this with other Vaccinium species adapted to southern U.S. climates are known collectively as Southern Highbush Blueberries.
Wild blueberries, smaller and much more expensive than cultivated ones, are prized for their intense flavour and colour. The Lowbush Blueberry, V. angustifolium, is found from Newfoundland westward and southward to Michigan and West Virginia. In some areas it produces natural blueberry barrens, where it is practically the only species covering large areas. Several First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in harvesting wild blueberries. Low bush species are fire-tolerant and blueberry production often increases following a forest fire as the plants regenerate rapidly and benefit from removal of competing vegetation.
There are numerous highbush cultivars of blueberries, each of which have a unique and diverse flavour. One of the first "wild" cultivars of blueberries is the 'Rubel'. During the Great Depression, farmers were offered $20 for the best wild blueberry bushes they could find. 'Rubel' is one such wild blueberry cultivar and is the origin of many of the current hybrid cultivars.
Maine produces 25% of all blueberries in North America, making it the largest producer in the world. Maine's 24,291 hectares (FAO figures) [60,023 acres] of blueberry were propagated from native plants that occur naturally in the understorey of its coastal forests. The Maine crop requires about 50,000 beehives for pollination, with most of the hives being trucked in from other states for that purpose.
Michigan, New York, New Jersey and North Carolina are large producers of Highbush Blueberries.
Oregon, Washington and British Columbia are becoming major producers of blueberries. California is rapidly increasing plantings.
Rabbiteye Blueberry (V. virgatum) is a southern type of blueberry produced from the Carolinas to the Gulf Coast states.
Other important species in North America include V. pallidum, the Hillside or Dryland Blueberry. It is native to the eastern U.S., but common in the Appalachians and the Piedmont of the Southeast. Sparkleberry, V. arboreum, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the southeastern U.S. Its fruit are important to wildlife, and the flowers important to beekeepers.
Uses
Blueberries are used in jellies, jams, and pies, baked into muffins, and are an ingredient of many other snacks and delicacies. Some baked products incorporate artificial blueberries, which contain no actual blueberry.Fruit wines have also become more popular.
Blueberry jam is a jam made out of blueberries, sugar and water, and fruit pectin. Commercial jams often contain chemical preservatives like citric acid. Premium artisanal blueberry jam is produced in Canada and the United States from wild blueberries, which are smaller and more difficult to harvest but more intensely flavoured than cultivated blueberries. Most production is in Maine, northwestern Ontario, and in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec.
In the last few years, blueberry juice has entered the market and is now considered a whole new category of juice in the beverage aisle. The last new juice category that was successfully introduced was cranberry juice, over 60 years ago. Blueberry juice brands include TrueBlue and R.W. Knudsen Family.
Blueberries, especially wild species, contain antioxidants which have been found to reduce the risks of some cancers. At the 2004 International Conference on Longevity, a group of researchers released details of a study that suggests certain compounds found in blueberries (and some similar fruits, including cranberries) have a significant impact in reducing the degradation of brain function, as in Alzheimer's Disease and other conditions ([link], [link]). Research at Rutgers [link] has also shown that blueberries may help prevent urinary tract infections. All of these studies were conducted using high bush, hybrid cultivars of blueberries. A more recent study #redirect has tentatively found that anti-oxidents may be higher in lowbush blueberries than in highbush blueberries. The study is flawed in that it does not specify which of the many unique and diverse cultivars of high bush blueberries were used for the comparision or even where the blueberries were grown. The soil where the blueberries were grown impacts the composition of the minerals present.
140 grams of fresh blueberries contain 3 g of fibre [link].
References and external links
- Joseph, J.A., Shukitt-Hale B., Denisova, N.A. Bielinksi D., Martin, A., McEwen, J.J., & Bickford, P.C., 1999. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. Journal of Neuroscience 19 (18): 8114–8121.
- [Google books link]
- [Wild blueberry culture in Maine] (FAO)
- [North American Blueberry Council]
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