Board of Chosen Freeholders

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The Board of Chosen Freeholders is the legislative body in each of the 21 counties in New Jersey. A Freeholder is a legislator on the county level.

Overview

New Jersey is the only state in the United States where elected county officials are called "freeholders." Most other states elect a county commission or county council. The term is a carryover from colonial days, when only those who owned a freehold were enfranchised, with one or two "chosen" freeholders representing each municipality within a county. Eventually, the number of freeholders in each county was reduced by statute and is now determined by referendum, and cannot exceed nine members.

Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate components. In some counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each Freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In other counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly-elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator or County Manager may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.

Board Structure by County

Atlantic County: Nine member elected to staggered three-year terms. Five of the freeholders represent equally-populated districts; four are elected from the county at-large. Popularly elected County Executive.
Bergen County: Seven members elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis. Popularly elected County Executive.
Burlington County: Five members elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis. The Freeholder Director is elected annually by the Board.
Camden County: Seven members elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis.
Cape May County: Five members elected at-large for three-year terms on a staggered basis. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director elected from Board at annual reorganization meeting in January.
Cumberland County: Seven members elected at-large for three-year terms on a staggered basis. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director elected from Board at annual reorganization meeting in January. Appointed County Administrator.
Essex County: Nine members elected to serve concurrent terms. Five of the freeholders represent districts; four are elected from the county at-large. Freeholder President and Vice-President serve one-year terms. Popularly elected County Executive.
Gloucester County: Seven members elected at large. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director.
Hudson County: Nine members elected from wards to staggered, three-year terms. Popularly elected County Executive.
Hunterdon County: Five members elected at large for terms of two to three years on a staggered basis. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director elected from Board at annual reorganization meeting in January.
Mercer County: Seven members elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis. The Board has a Chair and Vice-Chair; these positions are rotated amongst board members each year. Popularly elected County Executive.
Middlesex County: Seven members elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis. In January of each year, the Board reorganizes, selecting one Freeholder to be Freeholder Director and another to be Freeholder Deputy Director. The Freeholder Director appoints Freeholders to serve as Chairpersons and members on the various committees which oversee county departments.
Monmouth County: Five members elected at-large for three-year terms. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director elected from Board at annual reorganization meeting in January.
Morris County: Seven members elected at large. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director elected from Board at annual reorganization meeting in January.
Ocean County: Five members elected at-large. Appointed County Administrator.
Passaic County: Seven members elected at-large for three-year terms. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director elected from Board at annual reorganization meeting in January.
Salem County: Seven members elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis. In January of each year, the Board reorganizes, selecting one Freeholder to be Freeholder Director and another to be Freeholder Deputy Director. Appointed County Administrator.
Somerset County: Five members elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis. Appointed County Administrator.
Sussex County: Five members elected at large.
Union County: Nine members elected at large. Appointed County Manager.
Warren County: Three members elected at-large for three-year terms on a staggered basis. Freeholder Director and Freeholder Deputy Director elected from Board at annual reorganization meeting in January. Appointed County Administrator.

Popular impressions

Due to widespread ignorance about what exactly New Jersey freeholders do, a common witticism is to refer to them as "freeloaders," as in "The Board of Chosen Freeloaders." This is not necessarily kind, but it does reflect a persistent public belief that this particular layer of government is redundant and unnecessary.

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