Bristol Harbour
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Bristol Harbour is the harbour in the city of Bristol, England. The 70 acre (0.28 km²) harbour was created by installing lock gates on a tidal stretch of the River Avon in the centre of the city, giving it the name Floating Harbour as it is not affected by the tides. At a distance never more than 1 km south of the harbour is the "new cut", which branches from the navigable River Avon at Netham Weir in east Bristol, reducing the flow of water through the harbour and preventing flooding of the city centre. The harbour then winds through Temple Meads, Bristol city centre, Canons Marsh and Hotwells, where it rejoins the original course of the river and flows into the Avon Gorge.
Bristol Harbour was the original Port of Bristol, but as ships, and their cargo, increased in size, it has now been largely replaced for commercial purposes by docks at Avonmouth and Portbury, 5 km downstream at the mouth of the River Avon. The harbour is now a major tourist attraction, flanked by museums, exhibitions, bars and nightclubs. Old city centre workshops and warehouses have now largely been converted or replaced by cultural uses, such as the Arnolfini art gallery, Watershed media and arts centre, Bristol Industrial Museum and At-Bristol science exhibition center as well as a number of fashionable apartment buildings. A number of museum boats are permanently berthed in the harbour, including Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Britain, the first iron hulled, propeller driven ocean liner, a replica of the Matthew, in which John Cabot discovered what is now known as Canada, and a steam tug, the Mayflower.
The Bristol Ferry Boat operates on the harbour, serving landing stages close to most of the harbour-side attractions and also providing a commuter service to and from the city centre and Bristol Temple Meads railway station. Other vessels, including those run by The Bristol Packet Company provide sightseeing services on the harbour, up the Rivar Avon to Bath and downstream to Avonmouth, and the historic vessels of the Industrial Museum (including the Mayflower) are periodically operated.
In late July each year the Bristol Harbour Festival is held, with an influx of interesting boats, for example, tall ships, Royal Navy vessels and lifeboats.
History
Bristol grew up on the banks of the Rivers Avon and Frome, and since the 16th century the rivers have been modified for use as docks, including the diversion of the River Frome into Saint Augustine's Reach.
The River Avon, like the River Severn, has heavy tides of about 30 ft (10 m) between high and low, being easily navigable at high-tide, but reduced to a muddy channel at low tide. Boats would often run aground in the Avon Gorge, creating massive problems, and often damage to the boats. Many ships were deliberately stranded in the harbour for unloading, giving rise to the phrase "shipshape and Bristol fashion" to describe boats capable of taking the strain of repeatedly being stranded.
In the 18th Century Liverpool grew, developing docks in competition with Bristol for the tobacco trade. The poor quality of Bristol's docks were putting businesses off the city, and in 1802 William Jessop proposed installing a dam and lock at Hotwells to create the harbour. The UK£ 530,000 scheme was approved by parliament, and construction began in May 1804. The scheme included the construction of the Cumberland Basin, a large wide stretch of the harbour in Hotwells. The tidal new cut was constructed from Netham to Hotwells, with another dam installed at this end of the harbour, the Feeder Canal between Temple Meads and Netham providied a link to the tidal river so that boats could continue upstream to Bath.
The harbour cost more than anticipated and high rates were levied to repay loans, countering any effect the new harbour had at drawing companies back from Liverpool. In 1848 the city council bought the docks company to force down the rates and employed Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who had already built the Bristol Harbour Railway (a branch of his Great Western Railway) to make improvements, including new lock gates, a dredger and a sluice gates designed to reduce siltation.
In 1867 ships were getting larger, and the meanders in the estuary prevented boats over 300 ft (90 m) reaching the harbour. A scheme to install a much larger lock at Avonmouth to float the entire estuary and to straighten the sharper bends was dropped after work began on the much cheaper docks at Avonmouth and Portishead. In 1908 the Royal Edward Dock was built in Avonmouth, and in 1972 the large deepwater Royal Portbury Dock was constructed on the opposite side of the mouth of the Avon, making Bristol Harbour redundant as a freight dock. A sand company was the last to abandon the docks in 1981.
Since the 1980s millions of pounds have been spent regenerating the harbourside, including the construction of Pero's footbridge, linking the brand new At-Bristol exhibition with other Bristol tourist attractions, and private investors constructing studio apartment buildings.
Gallery
External links
- [About Bristol: History of the Harbour]
- [A history of the docks]
- [Bristol Packet Boat Trips]
- [Bristol City Docks]
Photographs
- [link]The Floating Harbour
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