Cabin pressurization

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Cabin pressurization is the active pumping of air into the cabin of an aircraft to increase the air pressure within the cabin. It is required when an aircraft reaches high altitudes, because the natural atmospheric pressure is too low to allow people to absorb sufficient oxygen, leading to altitude sickness and ultimately hypoxia.

Contents

1 Unpressurized flight
2 Pressurized flight
3 History and usage of cabin pressurization
4 Rapid loss of pressurization (rapid decompression)
5 Effects of cabin pressurization on an aircraft fuselage
6 Effects of cabin pressurization on the human body
7 Noted incidents
8 See also
9 References

Unpressurized flight

A lack of sufficient oxygen will bring on hypoxia by reducing the alveolar oxygen tension. In some individuals, symptoms may begin as low as 1500 metres (5000 feet) above MSL, although most passengers can tolerate altitudes of 8,000 feet without ill effect.

Passengers may also develop fatigue or headache as the plane flies higher. As the operational altitude increases, reactions become sluggish and unconsciousness will eventually result. Sustained flight operations above 10,000 feet generally require supplemental oxygen (through a canula or oxygen mask) or pressurisation.

Pressurized flight

Aircraft that routinely fly above 10,000 feet are generally equipped with an oxygen system fed through masks or canulas (typically for smaller aircraft), or are pressurized by an Environmental Control System (ECS) using air provided by compressors or bleed air. These systems maintain air pressure equivalent to 8000 ft or less, even during flight at altitudes above 43,000 ft.

As the airplane pressurizes and decompresses, some passengers will experience discomfort as trapped gasses within their bodies respond to the changing cabin pressure. The most common problems occur with gas trapped in the gastrointestinal tract, the middle ear and the paranasal sinuses. (ie, the common "popping" of the ear.) Note that in a pressurized aircraft, these effects are not due directly to climb and descent, but to changes in the pressure maintained inside the aircraft.

It is always an emergency if a pressurized aircraft suffers a pressurisation failure above 10,000 feet. If this occurs the pilot must immediately place the plane in an emergency descent and activate emergency oxygen for all.

History and usage of cabin pressurization

While the piston fighters of World War II often flew at very high altitudes, they were not pressurised; instead pilots used oxygen. However, in a larger bomber where crew moved about the cabin, this was considerably less practical. Therefore, the first aircraft with cabin pressurization (though restricted to crew areas), was the B-29 Superfortress. Post-war piston airliners such as the Lockheed Constellation brought the technology to civilian service, and as jet airliners were always designed for high-altitude operation every jetliner features the technology.

Most turboprop aircraft also feature cabin pressurization due to their medium to high altitude operation. A very few piston-engined small private planes also do so; most do not routinely fly high enough to justify such a system.

Rapid loss of pressurization (rapid decompression)

One consequence of cabin pressurization is that the pressure inside the airplane may be 10 psi (700 millibars or hPa), while the pressure outside is barely above 2 psi (15 kilopascals, 140 millibars). A harmless pinhole under these pressure differences will generate a high-pitched squeal as the air leaks out at supersonic speeds^{[[Citing sources citation needed]]}. A hole five feet across will depressurize a jetliner in a fraction of a second.

Rapid decompression of commercial aircraft is extremely rare, but dangerous. People directly next to a very large hole may be blown out or injured by flying debris. Floors and internal panels may deform. Hypoxia will result in loss of conciousness in about 14 seconds without emergency oxygen, and the air temperature will plummet due to expansion, potentially resulting in frostbite.

Contrary to Hollywood myth, people just a few feet from the hole are more at risk from hypoxia than from being sucked out.
Contrary to Hollywood myth, a bullet hole in a window, or even the loss of an entire passenger window, will not cause explosive decompression. This was demonstrated on MythBusters.

Effects of cabin pressurization on an aircraft fuselage

As the airplane is pressurized and depressurized, the metal skin of the airplane expands and contracts, resulting in metal fatigue. Modern aircraft are designed to resist this compression cycle, but some early jetliners (see De Havilland Comet) had fatal accidents due to underdesign for fatigue.

Effects of cabin pressurization on the human body

Ear and paranasal sinuses - One needs to adjust to the pressurized cabin air from the beginning. 1 in 3 passengers suffer ear discomfort, pain and temporary hearing loss on takeoff or landing, called "aerotitus" by the House Ear Institute in Los Angeles. Rapid changes in air pressure cause the air pocket inside the ear to expand during takeoff and contract during descent, stretching the eardrum. To equalize pressure, air must enter or escape through the Eustachian tube. "If a passenger has serious congestion, they risk ear drum damage", says Sigfrid Soli, Ph.D., head of the HCSD Department at the HSI(?).
Tooth - Anyone with intestinal gas or gas trapped in an infected tooth may also experience Barodontalgia, a toothache provoked by exposure to changing atmospheric pressure.
Pneumothorax - Anyone who has suffered a pneumothorax is recommended not to fly (even in a pressurised cabin) for at least 1 month and should obtain an x-ray prior to travelling.

As well as the more acute health effects experienced by some people, the cabin pressure altitude of 8,000 feet typical in most airliners contributes to the fatigue experienced in long flights. The in-development Boeing 787 airliner will feature pressuration to the equivalent of 6,000 feet, which Boeing claims will substantially increase passenger comfort.

Some people may still experience symptoms of altitude sickness despite the cabin pressure.

Noted incidents

Golfer Payne Stewart died in an aircraft accident as a result of loss of cabin pressure.
Helios Airways Flight 522, a Cypriot Boeing 737, crashed in Greece on August 14, 2005, killing all 121 people on board. It is currently believed that the plane depressurized and the pilots fell unconscious.

References

Portions from the [United States Naval Flight Surgeon's Manual]
[CNN: 121 Dead in Greek Air Crash]
"Explosive Decompression" segment of MythBusters episode 10, January 11, 2004
* also shown as a segment of Beyond Tomorrow episode 12

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