Choline
Encyclopedia : C : CH : CHO : Choline
Physiology
Choline and its metabolites are needed for 3 main physiological purposes: structural integrity and signaling roles for cell membranes, cholinergic neurotransmission (acetylcholine synthesis), and as a major source for methyl-groups via its metabolite, trimethylglycine (betaine) that participates in the S-adenosylmethionine synthesis pathways.When choline is metabolized by the body, it may form trimethylamine, a compound with a fishy odor. Hence, when large amounts of choline are taken (such as 10-16 grams/day as a dietary supplement), the person may suffer from a fishy body odor.
Chemistry
Choline is a quaternary saturated amine with the chemical formula where X− is a counterion such as chloride (see choline chloride), hydroxide or tartrate.Choline as a Supplement
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires[link] that infant formula not made from cow's milk contain choline.Choline has also found its way into nutritional supplements that reduce body fat. There is little or no evidence to prove it has any effect on body fat whatsoever.
Sources
The foods richest in phosphatidylcholine, the major delivery form of choline, are beef liver, egg yolks and soya. Beef liver, iceberg lettuce, peanut butter, peanuts, sunflower seeds, and cauliflower are some foods that contain free choline.History
Choline was discovered by Andreas Strecker in 1862 and chemically synthesized in 1866. In 1998 choline was classified as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.) and Adequate Intakes (AI) have been established.External links
- For a full list of external links to MSDSs, spectroscopic data, commercial chemicals suppliers etc. for this compound, see [Chemical sources].
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