Circus clown
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Ladies and Gentlemen, Boys and Girls, Children of All Ages...THE CLOWNS!
History
Clowns have been part of the American circus from the very beginning.
John Bill Ricketts, the acknowledged father of the American circus, began his circus career with Hughes Royal Circus in London in the 1780's coming over from England in 1792 to established America's first circus in Philadelphia.
He built a circus building in Philadelphia in the fall of 1792 in which he conducted a riding school. After training a group of Pennsylvania horses, he began on April 3, 1793, a series of exhibitions two and three times a week.
His advertisements referred to the equestrian exhibition as Ricketts Circus. Probably because of his interest in horses, George Washington attended several performances of Ricketts' circus. Performances included not only equestrian exhibitions, but clowns and music and later rope walkers were added.
Matthew Sully, a prominent English Harlequin, tumbler and singer at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London, joined Ricketts' company in the summer of 1795. He became particularly well-known for his hit song, "Four and Twenty Periwigs." Later that fall, they were joined by the man recognized as the first "American-born" circus clown, John Durang. Much of what we know about Ricketts' enterprises we owe to Durang's detailed memoirs. The new clown was an accomplished actor and acrobat, and his variations on the classic comedy riding act "Tailor's Ride to Brentford" were extremely popular.
Jean Baptiste Breschard, Circus of Pepin and Breschard, reintroduced the circus clown to America in 1807 after a number of years in which no circuses are documented as performing in the United States.
Joe Pentland was another popular early singing clown and one of the first to get top billing. He worked with Aron Turner's Circus, and then with Sands & Lent. He is one of those often credited with creating still another variation on the tailor's ride, called "The Drunken Sailor." Posing as a drunken sailor, Pentland emerged from the stands offering to ride an ornery horse, and was greeted with various hoots and cheers. After several hilariously unsuccessful attempts, he stripped down to his leotards and rode with consummate skill.
A later version of the act was wonderfully described by Mark Twain in Huckleberry Finn, and other variations on it survive today in several contemporary equestrian routines, particularly those of the Hanneford family.
Tony Pastor, often called the "Father of Vaudeville," also began his career in the circus as a singing clown and acrobat before he opened his variety theatre in New York in 1881. Finally, circus pioneer Dan Castello, W. C. Coup's first partner, was not only a courageous owner and frontiersman, but also a renowned singing and riding clown.
However, the first American clown to achieve genuine star status was a jockey, gambler and strong man who used to catch canon balls on the back of his neck. He was born as Daniel McClaren, but he is better known by his mother's maiden name of Rice.
Dan Rice
Born in New York City, Dan Rice gained 19th century fame with many talents, most of which involved him clowning in circuses. In addition to his 'clowning' talents, he was an animal trainer, song writer, commentator, political humorist, strong man, actor, director, producer, dancer, and politician. He ran for Senate, Congress, and President of the United States - dropping out of each race.
He changed the circus into what it is today by mixing animals, acrobats and clowns. His first break came in 1841 when he got a job of presenting a pig named Sybil who could do many tricks including the ability to tell time. From there he moved on to singing and dancing and got caught up in the popularity of the 'negro song', singing in blackface. He was said to sometimes go too far and make the song coarse. Gaining fame and popularity he changed styles once again he starred in various parodies of works by William Shakespeare, including that of "Dan Rice's Version of Othello" and "Dan Rice's Multifarioius Account of Shakespeare's Hamlet" He would perform these with various songs and dialects showing just how versatile he was.
Expanding his horizons he went into producing his own shows and often had more than one tour going on at the same time. He wanted to move on from his circus clowning and reinvented himself as a gentleman. He started to take up politics and would often have Democratic undertones in his shows. He was then regarded as not only a multi-talented performer, but a smart and noble man who was to be looked up to. He won the affection of many newspapers and publicists including that of a then unknown Mark Twain and Walt Whitman. Mark Twain paid him homage in his description of a circus in Huckleberry Finn, and it is likely a boyhood Twain actually saw Rice perform when his circus came to Hannibal for a show.
His shows became more famous than any of the other shows touring at the time including that of rival, Phineas Taylor Barnum. During the 19th century, his name was synonymous with theater. At a time, Dan Rice was more of a household name than Abraham Lincoln. He reinvented the theater into a vaudevillian style before there was vaudeville. He was a very patriotic person later influencing the likes ofGeorge M. Cohan. He was also one of the main models for "Uncle Sam".
With changes in circus and popular culture after the Civil War, his legendary talents under the big top have gradually slipped in to almost total historical obscurity; biographer David Carlyon (2001) called him "the most famous man you've never heard of".
But while Rice's talking and singing clown were taking America by storm, a new type of clown was emerging on the British pantomime stage, one that would have a more lasting influence on contemporary American circus clowning.
Joseph Grimaldi
Joseph Grimaldi was among the greatest English pantomime clowns. His father was Giuseppi Grimaldi (died 1788), an Italian dancing master and pantomimist. Joseph's stage debut was at 3 years old in a dance at Sadler's Wells, London's famous variety theater. Grimaldi never performed in a circus ring, but spent most of his life performing in full-length pantomimes.
He had the most to do with the development of the pantomime character of Clown. Grimaldi used a substantial amount of color to his mouth, cheeks, and eyebrows over his painted white face. The most striking aspect of his make up were the large red triangles. His image was followed closely for the next 50 years by most British clowns.
Grimaldi is known for being a master in the use of expressions of the body and face, unique sense of comic timing, imaginative byplay, and his overall comic abilities. He was famous and influential enough in his time to have had Charles Dickens write his biography.
George L. Fox
George Layfette Fox was America's first great whiteface clown. Known as the "American Grimaldi", Fox introduced Joseph Grimaldi's violent slapstick and topical satire to the American stage. He transformed it into a distinctly American style of humor reflecting the events of his day and influenced circus clown well into the 20th century.
In 1867, he created his masterpiece, Humpty Dumpty, giving over 1,000 performances on Broadway. His character in this production was a distinctive American anti-hero and helped Humpty Dumpty become the most popular pantomime productions of the time.
The slapstick form known as pantomime had been a Broadway staple since before the Civil War, but it reached a peak of popularity during the 1860's and 70's. These shows placed figures from Mother Goose stories in wildly varied settings, always finding an excuse to transform them into the clown characters of traditional commedia dell’arte (Harlequin, Columbine, etc.). Popular songs were loosely inserted whenever the audience needed a breather. Lavish sets and athletic clowning were expected, along with elaborate ballets. By far the most popular of these pantomimes was Fox's Humpty Dumpty.
The plot had young Humpty and his playmates turn into harlequinade characters and romp through a candy store, an enchanted garden and Manhattan's costly new City Hall. Fox's mute passivity set him apart from the raucous clamor surrounding him, and audiences took the little man to their hearts. Humpty Dumpty was revived several times. Fox eventually gave 1,128 performances in the title role, becoming the most highly paid actor of his time. He initiated the tradition of Wednesday matinee's to take advantage of the show's appeal to children.
He is considered by many to be the funniest man of his time. His white face character became an important part of popular American imagery, being used in advertisements and children's books long after his death. He is considered an influence on early film comedians including Laurel and Hardy, Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and the Marx Brothers.
Sadly, he was removed from the stage during his last performance, and taken to an insane asylum where he died three years later possibly as a result of poisoning from his lead based white make up.
Frank \"Slivers\" Oakley
Frank Oakley, also known as Slivers (1871-1916) was the most popular circus clown of his generation. Born is Sweden, both of Oakley's parents were concert singers. At the age of 14 he began to practice as a contortionist and at 16 he joined his first circus. His parents convinced him to enroll at the University of Michigan but two years later Oakley was back under the big top.
His first show was Andrew MacDonald's Circus but he soon joined the Ringling Bros. Circus in 1897. Before the turn of the century Oakley performed with the Barnum & Bailey Circus followed by three seasons with the Adam Forepaugh & Sells Bros. Circus (1900-02). Oakley returned to the Barnum & Bailey Circus for four seasons(1903-07) where he reportedly earned up to $1,000. a week.
Slivers was famous for working solo in the ring. His featured gag was a one-man baseball game in which he played all the positions of both teams. Among his classic walkarounds was a gag in which he rode around the hippodrome track atop two giant lobsters.
He went on to perform in other circuses, in vaudeville and was featured (sometimes partnered with Marceline Orbes) in the massive shows at the New York Hippodrome.
He married vaudeville singer Nellie Dunbar in 1902 and they had one daughter, Ruth.
With the coming of motion pictures and the superstardom of Charlie Chaplin Slivers was supplanted as an American comedy icon. When other offers had dried up he tried to return to Ringling where he was offered only $75.00 a week to perform walkarounds.
He committed suicide, dying by gas asphyxiation, on March 8, 1916 in his room at 308 West 71st Street in New York City. Oakley had fallen for Viola Stoll, a young vaudeville actress, and remained infatuated even after she was arrested and incarcarated for stealing his late wife's jewelry. When he tried to have her paroled from Bedford Reformatory by proposing marriage, she rejected him.
Contemporary Circus Clown Types
There are three basic traditional types of circus clowns, The whiteface, the auguste and the character. In circus, each of these types can wear a makeup that is either neat (slightly exaggerated) or grotesque (wildly exaggerated).
There is no single absolute definition of what constitutes each clown type, with international performers encompassing an extremely wide range of styles, not to mention the classical and modern variants of each type.
The Whiteface Clown
The whiteface (or white clown) is the highest status in the clown hierarchy and the oldest of modern clown archetypes. When whitefaces perform with other clowns, they usually function as the straight man, "Top Banana", or the leader of the group.
Whiteface clowns uses "clown white" makeup to cover their entire face and neck with none of the underlying flesh color showing. Features are then usually painted on in either red or black.
The whiteface clown is traditionally costumed far more extravangantly than the other two clown types. They often wear the ruffled collar and pointed hat which typify the average person's idea of a "clown suit".
Some non-circus examples of a white clown include:
- Moe Howard of the Three Stooges
- Oliver Hardy of Laurel & Hardy
- Bud Abbott of Abbott & Costello
- Ralph Kramden on The Honeymooners
- Dean Martin of Martin & Lewis
- Ricky Ricardo on I Love Lucy
- Dick Smothers of The Smothers Brothers
- Jerry Seinfeld on Seinfeld
- Ren on Ren & Stimpy
- Bert of Sesame Street's Ernie & Bert
- Squidward on Spongebob Squarepants
- Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny
The Auguste
Accompanying the white clown there is often another clown character known as an auguste or "red clown" but the auguste's role is different from the white clown. In classical European circus the augustes weren't even considered clowns because, technically, their role was different. The Augustes are the ones who gets the pie in the face, squirted with water, knocked down on their backside, sit in wet paint, or have their pants ripped off.The base color for the auguste makeup is red or flesh tone. The eyes and the mouth are encircled in white and the features are highlighted, again, traditionally in red and black .
The auguste is usually costumed in baggy plaids accented with colorful polka dots or loud stripes with wide collared shirts, long neck ties, wild wigs and oversized noses and shoes.
Some non-circus examples of red clowns include:
- Curly Howard of the Three Stooges
- Harpo Marx of the Marx Brothers
- Stan Laurel of Laurel & Hardy
- Lou Costello of Abbott & Costello
- Ed Norton on the Honeymooners
- Jerry Lewis of Martin & Lewis
- Lucy Ricardo on I Love Lucy
- Tommy Smothers of the Smothers Brothers
- Cosmo Kramer on Seinfeld
- Stimpy on Ren & Stimpy
- Ernie of Sesame Street's Ernie & Bert
- Spongebob on Spongebob Squarepants
- Looney Tunes' Daffy Duck
The Character Clown
The character clown, adopts an eccentric character of some type, such as a butcher, a baker, a policeman, a housewife or hobo. Prime examples of this type of clown are the circus tramps Otto Griebling and Emmett Kelly. Red Skelton, Harold Lloyd, Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin would all fit the definition of a character clown.
The character clown makeup is a comic slant on the standard human face. Their makeup starts with a flesh tone base and may make use of anything from glasses, mustaches and beards to freckles, warts, big ears or strange haircuts. The most prevalent character clown in the American circus is the tramp or hobo clown.
When working in traditional trio situation the character will play "contre-auguste" (2nd, less wild auguste) and can side with either the white or red clown.
Some non-circus examples of character clowns include:
- W.C. Fields
- Joe Penner
- Pinky Lee
- Paul Reubens' Pee-Wee Herman
- Ed Wynn
- Bob Einstein's Super Dave Osbourne
- Jim Varney's Ernest P. Worell
- Don Novello's Fr. Guido Sarducci
- Lily Tomlin's Ernestine the Telephone Operator
- Andrew Silverstein's Andrew Dice Clay
- George Costanza on Seinfeld
- Patrick Starfish on Spongebob Squarepants
- Bill Irwin's Mr. Noodle on Elmo's World
Some examples of the contre-auguste character in non-circus trios:
Sources
- Clowns by John H. Towsen. ISBN 0801539625. Publisher: E P Dutton - 1976-11.
- Clown Alley by Bill Ballantine. ISBN 0316079588. Publisher: Little Brown & Co (T) - April, 1982.
- Clown for Circus and Stage by Mark Stolzenberg. ISBN 0806970340. Publisher: Sterling Pub Co Inc - May, 1981.
- The Physical Comedy Handbook by Davis Rider Robinson. ISBN 0325001146. Publisher: Reed Elsevier Incorporated - May 1999.
- The Pickle Clowns: New American Circus Comedy by Joel Schechter. ISBN 0809323567. Publisher: Southern Illinois Univ Pr (Tx) - August, 2001.
Circus Clown Gags
This is the proper American circus term for a clown’s act. Europeans refer to this as an “entrée”. Amateur clowns refer to these as a "skit" or "sketch". These are the clown's written and rehearsed performances. They can take place in the ring (a ring gag or production gag), on the track (a track gag or a walkaround) or in the seats. They can be done solo, with the ringmaster, with other clowns or with audience volunteers. They have a beginning, middle and end and finish with a "blow off". Gag can also refer to the specialized or gimmicked props clowns may use.
Some popular circus gags include:
- Soap Gags - A production ring gag where whipped shaving soap is substituted for pies, cakes, paint or glue.
- Dead or Alive - a classic European gag
- The Baseball Gag - created by Paul Jung from the inspiration of Slivers Oakley.
- The Boxing Gag - made famous by Otto Griebling and Freddie Freeman
- The Clown Car - brought to the circus by Otto Griebling
- Blowing Up the Fat Man - created by Jack LeClair
- The Adam Smasher - created by Paul Jung
- The Midget Car - made famous by Lou Jacobs but also performed by Toto, Bobo Barnett, Kinko Sunburry, Mark Anthony and Billy Vaughn.
- The Washerwomen - created by Johhny Trippe and Bobby Kellogg in 1944
- The Reducing Machine -
- Sweeping Up the Spotlight - signature gag of Emmett Kelly
- The Firehouse - THE classic production gag of the American '''circus
- The Dentist -
- The Barber Shop - Created on the Barnum & Bailey Circus by Spader Johnson. A version of this gag appears in Chaplin's film THE CIRCUS
- The Army Gag - created by Paul Jung
- The Levitation -
- The Busy Bee - Along with his Painters Gag this is the longtime signature gag of Michael "Coco" Polikov
Circus Clown Lingo
- Basket Animal — An costume made with a basket in the middle, looking as if the performer were riding a horse or other animal. Suspenders hold the costume around the performer's waist.
- Blow Off — The visual "punchline" of a clown gag.
- Boss Clown - The clown responsible for coordinating both the clowns and the various gags in a show.
- "Bump a Nose" — Some people cite this as the "good luck" phrase clowns use to each other before a performance, rather like actors' "break a leg." In reality, it’s not likely it was ever used by circus professionals.
- Caring Clown — Non circus term used to refer to clowns who specialize in hospital visits.
- Carpet Clown — A clown who works among the audience.
- Charivari — A raucous acrobatic clown routine, typically done by a large group of clowns, consisting of a series of fast-paced acrobatic maneuvers and comedy jumps off of a mini trampoline, over a vaulting horse and into a mat.
- Circus Report — Name of a bi-weekly circus trade magazine.
- Chase - a quick run around the hippodrome track, usually with one clown literally chasing another.
- Clown Alley — The clowns' dressing and prop area.
- Come In — The period an hour before showtime when the public is entering the arena before the circus begins. Elephant and camel rides are offered for a fee during come in; butchers are selling their wares, and clowns are on the arena floor and in the seats. Some clowns specialized and only performed during come in.
- First of May — A term also used in the carnival, meaning a novice performer in his first season on a show. Shows used to leave winter quarters for their opening spot on the first of May, and there are always some new workers hired on the first of May who have never worked shows before.
- Hippodrome Track — The oval area between the rings and audience.
- Joey — A clown (derived from Joseph Grimaldi, a famous clown in 18th-century England.) Some sources say it only refers to an acrobatic clown, others say it is a non-circus term and was never used by professionals.
- Knockabout Act — Comedy act involving physical humor and exaggerated mock violence.
- Producing Clown - The clown who writes, directs and procures props and costumes for a gag.
- Production Gag – A large scale ring gag.
- Shows - The overall production that a clown is a part of, it may or may not include elements other than clowning, such as in a circus show. In a circus context, clown shows are typically made up of some combination of Ring Gags, Track Gags, Walkarounds and Chases.
- "Stars and Stripes Forever" — The band reserved this Sousa march as a signal that an emergency had come up calling for the clowns to come running out from the Alley directing public attention away from the emergency or for the audience to be evacuated.
- Suitcase Gag — A visual pun that is carried inside of a suitcase and used during walkarounds. The set-up is written on the front and the suitcase is opened to reveal the punchline.
- Trouper — A person who has spent at least one full season with the circus, and whose response to the demands of life and work on the road are those of a seasoned veteran. Also used in vaudeville (and in theatre in general) to mean a veteran performer.
- Walkarounds — A clown feature in which they stroll the hippodrome track performing very brief visual gags that can be easily picked up, moved and performed again for another section of the audience.
Sources
- Step Right Up!: The Adventure of Circus in America by LaVahn G Hoh. ISBN 1558701400. Publisher: Betterway Publications - 1990.
Famous American Circus Clowns
- George Carl - American clown who found great success in Europe. Performed "Royal Command Performance" for the Queen at the Paladium in London. He also received the coveted "Golden Clown" award from Princess Grace, (Grace Kelly) at the Circus Festival of Monte Carlo.
- Otto Griebling - Prolific and influential Master Clown with the Cole Bros. and Ringling circuses. The single most admired and respected American circus clown of the 20th century.
- Joe Jackson Sr & Jr. - famous tramp clown entree with a breakaway bicycle.
- Lou Jacobs - During his 60 years in the American circus Master Clown Lou Jacobs came to be known as one of the most famous clowns in the world through his innovative comic routines, compassion for others and strong dedication to his work.
- Paul Jerome
- Paul Jung - Producing clown
- Emmett Kelly - Extremely well-known American tramp clown.
- Glen "Frosty" Little, America's only living Master Clown and longtime "Boss Clown" with the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus.
- Frank "Slivers" Oakley - America' first great solo circus clown.
- Dan Rice - America's first great circus clown.
Famous International Circus Clowns
- Charlie Cairoli Longtime start of the Blackpool Tower Circus
- Francesco Caroli.
- The Chickys, classic European clown act.
- Coco the Clown (Nicolai Poliakoff), Longtime star clown of the Bertram Mills Circus.
- The Fratellinis The quintessential clown trio.
- Grock (Adrian Wettach).
- David Konyot, 4 times winner best clown (U K) Hungarian circus festival, Polish circus Festival.
- Yuri Nikulin, Russian clown and actor.
- Oleg Popov, Greatly admired clown from the Soviet Union.
- The Rastellis - European clown act
- Remi, "Puerto Rico's Greatest Clown".
- Charlie Rivel - Other than Grock perhaps the most beloved and respected of all European clowns.
Sources
Here Come the Clowns: A Cavalcade of Comedy from Antiquity To the Present by Lowell Swortzell ISBN 0670368741 Publisher: Viking Press; 1st ed edition (1978)
Clowning Through by Frank Foster and Willan G. Bosworth Publisher: Heath Cranston LTD London - 1937
Contemporary American Circus and Circus-Style Clowns
- Barry Lubin - "Grandma", star clown of theBig Apple Circus
- Jeff "Gordoon" Gordon - "Le Clown Gordoon", star clown with the Big Apple Circus
- David Shiner - Tony Award-winning American born mime and circus clown who has appeared on Broadway and with several prominent European circuses.
- Steve Smith - "T.J. Tatters"; longtime director of Ringling Clown College
- Greg and Karen DeSanto - Husband and wife clown/comedy team.
- John Gilkey, American clown and comic juggler who has appeared with the New Pickle Circus and Cirque du Soleil.
- Denis Lacombe - Star clown with Cirque du Soleil and Big Apple best known for his comedy conductor gag.
- Pat Cashin - American clown and "Comedy Ringmaster" with the Shrine Circuses.
- Rik Gern - Bonzo Crunch: Fool at Large; a popular circus and event clown from Austin, Tx.
- Jason T. and Kristen Stewart - Husband & wife team formerly with RBB&B. They are the founders of the Seaside Clowns (which also includes Aaron Tucker, Darren Burrell, Bryan Fulton, and Andrew Scharff, all Ringling alumni and all excellent clowns in their own right) clowning at resorts in Myrtle Beach, SC.
- Bob "Doodles" Kelmer - Appearing daily 2006 at the Circus World Museum, Baraboo, WI.
- Timothy Noel Tegge - American whiteface clown and ringmaster with the Shrine Circus.
- Fumagalli, European star clown soon to appear with the Big Apple Circus
- Chris and Gina Allison - "Bucky and Gigi"; Husband and wife clown team and founders of Cirque du Jour
- Aaron Rider - Melvino the Wonder Nerd, unicycling, bagpiping, juggling clown currently with the Culpepper and Merriweather Circus
- Bill Machtel - Mr. Bill, longtime clown at the Circus World Museum in Baraboo, WI
- Giovanni Zoppe - Youngest performer ever to be inducted into the International Clown Hall of Fame.
- VeeKay the Zoot Suit Clown - Circus clown and official greeter at the Orange County Fair in Orange County, California.
Sources
Circus Report Format: Magazine Publisher: Graphics 2000 ASIN: B00006K8X5
Spectacle Format: Magazine . Publisher: Circus Plus Publications ASIN: B00006KXUX
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