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Citation index

Encyclopedia : C : CI : CIT : Citation index

 

A citation index provides an index for citations in academic documents. It keeps track of which articles in academic journals cite which other articles. The first citation index was the Web of Science, now provided by Thomson Scientific. Another widely-used service is Scopus from Elsevier that combines subject-searching with citation browsing and tracking. Probably the most popular service is the Google Scholar, a publicly available search service.

The best initial source is the book Citation Indexing, authored in 1979 by Eugene Garfield and reprinted in 1983 by ISI. Eugene Garfield has posted the full text as well as hundreds of papers by him and other authors. There is large literature on citation analysis, sometimes called scientometrics, a term invented by Vasily Nalimov, or bibliometrics. The field blossomed with the advent of the Science Citation Index, which now covers over fifty years of source literature. The leading journals of the field are Scientometrics and the Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology. ASIST also hosts an electronic mailing list called SIGMETRICS at ASIST. It is undergoing a resurgence based on publicly available citation indexing tools such as CiteSeer, the Google Scholar, CiteBase and Microsoft Academic.

While the SCI was originally designed for information retrieval purposes and is used daily for that function, it has been increasingly used for bibliometrics and other studies involving research evaluation.

Contents

History

In a classic 1965 paper, Derek J. de Solla Price described the inherent linking characteristic of the SCI as "Networks of Scientific Papers" . The links between citing and cited papers became dynamic when the SCI began to be published online. The Social Sciences Citation Index became of the first databases to be mounted on the Dialog system in 1972. With the advent of the CD-ROM edition, linking became even easier and enabled the use of bibliographic coupling (M. M. Kessler) for finding related records. In 1973 Henry Small published his classic work on Co-Citation analysis which became a self-organizing classification system that led to document clustering experiments and eventually an Atlas of Science later called Research Reviews.

An early offshoot of the SCI in 1965 was the launch of the first commercial system of selective dissemination of information called Automatic Subject Citation Alert. This system continues as of 2005 in electronic form at the ISI Personal Alert. However, other systems like Dialog among others also adopted the idea of SDI by providing weekly updates of literature searches based on using user profiles. In the case of SCI/SSCI profiles contained not only traditional natural language search terms, but also terms for cited references and cited authors. Thus, a user could be alerted to any new works which cited the author, paper or book in question. Using journal names in a similar way, customized contents pages could also be provided.

The inherent topological and graphical nature of the worldwide citation network which is an inherent property of the scientific literature was described by Ralph Garner at Drexel University in 1965.

The use of citation counts to rank journals was a technique used in the early part of the nineteenth century but the measurement of these links to rank authors and papers was pioneered by Eugene Garfield at the Institute for Scientific Information. In a primordial paper of 1965 he and Irving Sher showed the correlation between citation frequency and eminence in demonstrating that Nobel Prize winners published five times the average number of papers while their work was cited 30 to 50 times the average. In a long series of essays on the Nobel and other prizes Garfield reported this phenomenon.

In an early study in 1964 of the use of Citation Analysis in writing the history of DNA, Garfield and Sher demonstrated the potential for generating historiographs, topological maps of the most important steps in the history of scientific topics. This work was later automated by E. Garfield, A. I. Pudovkin of the Institute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and V. S. Istomin of Center for Teaching, Learning, and Technology, Washington State University and led to the creation of the HistCite software around 2002.

Autonomous citation indexing was introduced in 1998 by Giles, Lawrence and Bollacker and enabled automatic algorithmic extraction and grouping of citations for any digital academic and scientific document. Where previous citation extraction was a manual process, citation measures could now be computed for any scholarly and scientific field and document venue, not just those selected by organizations such as ISI. This led to the creation of new systems for public and automated citation indexing, the first being CiteSeer, soon followed by Cora (recently reborn as [Rexa]), which focused primarily on the field of computer and information science. These were later followed by large scale academic domain citation systems such as the Google Scholar and more recently Microsoft Academic. Autonomous citation indexing is not yet perfect in citation extraction or citation clustering with an error rate estimated by some at 10%.

Today, there are more measures (such as Jorge Hirsch's H-Index established in 2005 to evaluate an author) and more interactive tools available (such as the Scopus Citation Tracker in 2006) to help assess history and trends through citations.

See also

References

External links

 

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