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Collaboration

Encyclopedia : C : CO : COL : Collaboration

 

Collaboration (co+labor+ation) refers abstractly to all processes wherein people work together —applying both to the work of individuals as well as larger collectives and societies. As an intrinsic aspect of human society, the term is used in many varying contexts such as science, art, education, and business.

In certain political contexts (such as a state of war) the term "collaboration" (ism) or "collaborator" may refer (pejoratively) to individuals who are claimed to have been working with an outside entity against their own societies.

Research into the properties of and process of collaboration has intensified with the advent of the Internet, collaborative editing, and computer mediated communication (CMC). As software designers, facilitators and theorists from diverse fields of study strive to create more useful and effective collaborative environments and methods, more light is shown on this ubiquitous and taken for granted practice, and the nature of collaboration is coming under more intensive study.

Contents

Questions

More research into the nature of collaboration is needed to answer such questions as: Currently there exists no unifying general theory of collaboration.

Etymology

Dating from 1871, collaboration is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French collaborateur, ultimately from the Latin collaboratus, past participle of collaborare ("work with"), itself derived from com- ("with") and labore ("to work").

Nuances

"Collaborate" implies "to work together on a project". When individuals work together as in an academic setting, "collaborate" includes the [nuance] "to be jointly accredited" for the work completed. When individuals and organizations work together, or organizations with other organizations, nuances include "usually but not necessarily willingly" and "with another organization with which one is not normally connected".

Barriers To Collaboration

One opinion is that whilst collaboration is natural in some societies, and is generally natural in pre-existing teams, collaboration is unnatural in new groups and western society. Some of the perceived barriers to collaboration are:

Whilst much of the discussion around the topic of collaboration refers to the use of IT, perhaps more research is required on how to provide an effective social process that will help overcome the barriers.

Differentiating coordination, cooperation, collaboration & teamwork

The differences between these terms can be illustrated by considering these criteria:

Preconditions for success (\"must-haves\")

Enablers (additional \"nice to haves\")

It is debatetable if sanctions are necessary to secure productive collaboration and motivate free-riders to give inputs. "behavioral economics", see Fehr,Rockenbach; Detrimental Effect of sanctions on human altruism ([download]). The findings of the research employing game theory are that voluntary compliance is most important. Sanctions should not be outspoken and applied frequently but fair sanctions should be in place in order to support altruism with the players. Gächter and Thöni conclude in their paper ''Social learning and voluntary cooperation among like-minded people, Dec. 2004 ([download])'' that provenience i.e. similar set of values is an enabler of collaboration.

Purpose of using this approach

Desired outcome

Optimal application

Examples

Appropriate tools

Degree of interdependence in designing the effort's work-products

(and need for physical co-location of participants)

Degree of individual latitude in carrying out the agreed-upon design

One way to think of differentiating definitions

Where do teams, partnerships, think-tanks, open-source and joint ventures fit in this schema? The general definition of a team is an interdependent group, which suggests that collaborative groups are teams, coordinated groups are not, and cooperative groups may or may not be. Partnerships and joint ventures are both primarily cooperative undertakings, whose objectives evolve over time. Open-source developments can run the gamut among all three types of undertaking. So theoretically can think-tanks, though in reality much think-tank work is solitary and not really collaborative. Even the work of scientists on major international projects is substantially individual, with a lot more coordination and cooperation than true collaboration.

Wartime collaboration

Main article: Collaborationism

As a pejorative term, the word "collaboration' can describe the treason of cooperating with enemy forces occupying one's country. As such it implies criminal deeds in the service of the occupying power, including complicity with the occupying power in murder, persecutions, pillage, and economic exploitation as well as participation in a puppet government.

The use of "collaboration" to mean "traitorous cooperation with the enemy," dates from 1940, originally in reference to the Vichy Regime in France, as well as the French civilians who sympathised with Nazi Germany's doctrine and voluntary troops (LVF) who fought against the Fighting France and later De Gaulle's French Force. Since then, the words collaboration and collaborateur have this very pejorative meaning in French (the shortened form collabo only has this pejorative and insulting meaning).

During World War II, those accused of collaboration with Axis Powers included:

Commercial / Scientific Collaboration

Even if the term collaboration has a lot of negative meaning and especially in France is not very usual (see Crozier, M. The Bureaucratic Phenomenon, Chicago 1964) there is a neutral to positive root for the term. There are various variants of multi client and/or multi contractor work. Open collaboration with market near products needs tight non disclosure agreements excluding background or previously known information from the protected intellectual property rights.(see also an example [Collaborative Research and Development Agreement]). The term collaboration is also used for electronic work benches for example referred to as collaboratory by Mathcad (see also [Internet Groupware for Scientific Collaboration]

Musical Collaboration

Musical collaboration occurs when one or more musicians in different places or groups work on the same album or song. Collaboration between musicians, especially with regards to jazz, is often heralded as the epitome of complex collaborative practice. Special software has been written to facilitate musical collaboration over the internet, such as VSTunnel.

See also

References

External links

Look up [[wiktionary:|}}}]] in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
collaboration.
This article is being collaboratively developed in conjunction with editors at [MetaCollab.net] - a free collaborative encyclopedia on collaboration. Please edit this article, or the [Collaboration] article at MetaCollab.net, as the content from both will be merged at regular intervals.

Often self reference legislators like these bio-informatics take arbitrary adaptions from other bbb notices they have used and begin to deterioate what propigates as ethical communication by altering the ego of the well intended with these rash efforts to destroy what is meaningful to the whole group. It is are responsibility to remove one or more of the perpetrators even if it the whole ring of perseverators who have gotten off of the response/or edit. Do not punish the gifted for their talents of retrieving archives or editing malicious pursuit.

 

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