Comprehensive School
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A comprehensive school is a secondary school that accepts pupils of all abilities. Comprehensives have dominated British secondary education since the 1970s and currently educate over 90% of secondary pupils. There is an ongoing debate about the merits of the Comprehensive System.
Operation
Comprehensive schools in England and Wales are usually neighbourhood schools taking their students from a defined local catchment area. But parents have an element of choice in choosing a secondary school and it is not uncommon, especially in towns and cities, for students to travel some distance to school.The principle of equality of opportunity underpins comprehensive education. Pupils share the same facilities and teachers, though most schools use some form of selection to group children by ability in individual subjects. Most comprehensive schools take pupils from the age of 11 to 16. Some have a sixth form, entry to which is often on an open basis, with some pupils taking A levels, whilst others follow vocational programmes.
In Scotland a very different system is used, which, whilst based on comprehensive education, has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision.
History
Early Comprehensives
The first comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey. Other places that experimented with comprehensives included Coventry, Sheffield, Leicestershire and the West Riding.The main testbed of comprehensives was London, where LCC Education Officer Graham Savage, influenced by the US High School system, sought to build a system of equal-access secondary schools. The first purpose-built comprehensive in the country, Kidbrooke School in Greenwich, was opened in 1954 at a cost of £560,000.
These early comprehensives modelled themselves firmly on the grammar school, with teachers in gowns and lessons in a very formal style. The opening of the Risinghill Comprehensive School in Islington in 1960 offered an alternative to this model. Embracing the progressive ideals of sixties education, the school abandoned corporal punishment and brought in a much more liberal attitude to discipline.
Nationwide implementation
The Comprehensive System results from a policy decision taken by the 1965 Labour government and implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities.Over the next 10 years many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population.
In 1970 the incoming Conservative government continued the process. The secretary of state for education at the time was Margaret Thatcher, who went on to be a vociferous critic of comprehensive education. By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11 plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system.
Post 1976
In 1976 the then Labour prime minister James Callaghan gave a speech at Oxford's Ruskin College. He launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Callaghan was not the first to raise these questions. A 'black paper' attacking liberal theories in education and poor standards in comprehensive schools had appeared in 1969, to be followed by a second in 1971. The authors were the academics Brian Cox and A E Dyson. They were supported by ex-headteachers, led by Dr. Rhodes Boyson, who had left teaching for a career as a Conservative MP. The black papers called for a return to traditional teaching methods and an end to the comprehensive experiment.That debate has continued since, and the comprehensive ideal is no longer seen as the goal of education policy by many educationalists. Many comprehensive schools have become specialist schools, notionally able to select up to 10% of pupils. This reflects government policy which states that parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to, depending on their interests and skills.
Currently, most government initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage good schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance. Other ideas have included getting successful schools to share knowledge and best practice through partnerships with nearby schools; opening city academies or closing and reopening 'failing schools'.
Debate and issues
Supporters of the Comprehensive System argue that it is unacceptable on both moral and practical grounds to select or reject children on the basis of their ability. They also argue that comprehensive schools in the UK have allowed millions of children to gain access to further and higher education, and that the previous selective system relegated children who failed the eleven plus examination to a second class and inferior education.Critics of comprehensive schools argue that the reality has been a leveling down of provision and a denial of opportunity to able children from disadvantaged backgrounds, who might once have expected to pass the eleven plus exam and have the advantage of a grammar school education. The most straightforward way for parents to ensure that their children attend what is perceived to be a "good" school, is to purchase a house within the catchment area of that school. This has led to selection by financial means of parents rather than ability at passing exams.
During the late sixties there was heated debate about the merits of streaming pupils. In grammar schools pupils were taught in different classes according to their perceived ability. At first the comprehensives copied this structure, but the failings of streaming, principally that it failed to reflect the spread of abilities in different subjects, led to experiments with other methods. One controversial method, mixed ability teaching, was widely adopted. Over time however it was supplanted in many schools by 'setting', where children are grouped by ability in different subjects, allowing the possibility of being in the 'top' set for mathematics, but the bottom set for History.
Comprehensive Schools outside England and Wales
Scotland
In Scotland all publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Executive has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.Republic of Ireland
These schools were introduced in to the Republic of Ireland in the 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until this time education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, and in particular the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept.
In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of State schools introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools which were under Catholic or Protestant ownership and the various denominations continued, and continue, to manage the school as patrons or trustees. The State owns the school property, but it is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make State schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time. The last proposed comprehensive school in Ireland was Gonzaga College SJ in Dublin[[Citing sources citation needed]]. However late in the negotiations the Department of Education declined to extend this model to the Society of Jesus and the proposal was dropped.
The introduction of community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, though religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and Science, and the community college vested in the local Vocational Education Committee. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, whereas community colleges have tended to be entirely new foundations.
External links
- [Centre for the Study of Comprehensive Schools]
- [Comprehensive Education - Examining the Evidence] Report of 1999 seminar organised by CASE (the Campaign for State Education in the UK).
- [Campagin for State Education]
- [Secretary of State for Education Ruth Kelly on comprehensive education]
- [Comp], a BBC Radio 4 documentary about the creation of comprehensive schools
- [Discussions in 2002 about the future of comprehensives]
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