Condor
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- For other uses, see Condor (disambiguation)}}}.
Condor is the name for two species of bird in one of the vulture families. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere.
The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) inhabits the Andes mountains. The California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) inhabits the western coast of the United States. Although they are primarily scavengers, feeding on carrion, these species belong to the New World vulture family Cathartidae, related to storks and not closely related to Old World vultures, which are in the family Accipitridae along with hawks, eagles and kites.
Appearance
California Condors can reach wingspans of 2.8 m (over 9 ft) and can weigh up to 8.5 kg (18¾ lb) [link], making them one of the largest North American birds. They are outweighed only by the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator, up to 17.2 kg/38 lb), and Mute Swan (Cygnus olor, up to at least 14.3 kg/31½ lb. generally heavier than C. buccinator), an introduced species. The California Condor does have the largest wingspan, the runner up being American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 244-290 cm/96-114 in).Although about 5 cm shorter (beak to tail) on average, the Andean Condor is undoubtedly larger in wingspan: Ferguson-Lees gives 274–310 cm (108–122 in). It is also heavier: up to 11–15 kg (24–33 lb) for males and 7.5–11 kg (16–24 lb) for females.
Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity.
The adult plumage is of a uniform black, with the exception of a frill of white feathers nearly surrounding the base of the neck and, especially in the male, large patches or bands of white on the wings which do not appear until the completion of the first moulting. As an adaptation for hygiene, the head and neck have few feathers (see below photo), exposing the skin to the sterilizing effects of dehydration and ultraviolet light at high altitudes, and are meticulously kept clean by the bird. The head is much flattened above. In the male it is crowned with a caruncle or comb, while the skin of the neck in the male lies in folds, forming a wattle. The skin of the head and neck is capable of flushing noticeably in response to emotional state, which serves to communicate between individuals.
The middle toe is greatly elongated, and the hinder one but slightly developed, while the talons of all the toes are comparatively straight and blunt. The feet are thus more adapted to walking as in their relatives the storks, and of little use as weapons or organs of prehension as in birds of prey and Old World vultures. The female, contrary to the usual rule among birds of prey, is smaller than the male.
Behavior
Sexual maturity and breeding behavior do not appear in the condor until 5 or 6 years of age. They may live for 50 years or more, and mate for life. The Andean condor prefers roosting and breeding at elevations of 3,000 to 5,000 m (10,000–16,000 ft). There on inaccessible ledges of rock, its nest consisting merely of a few sticks placed around the eggs, it deposits one or two bluish-white eggs, weighing about 10 ounces (280 g) and from 3 to 4 inches (75 to 100 mm) in length, during the months of February and March every second year. The egg hatches after 54–58 days of incubation by both parents. If the chick or egg is lost or removed, another egg is laid to take its place. Researchers and breeders take advantage of this behavior to double the reproductive rate by taking the first egg away for hand-rearing, causing the parents to lay a second egg which they are generally allowed to raise.-->The young are covered with a grayish down until almost as large as their parents. They are able to fly after six months, but continue to roost and hunt with their parents until age two, when they are displaced by a new clutch. There is a well developed social structure within large groups of condors, with competition to determine a 'pecking order' by body language, competitive play behavior, and a wide variety of vocalizations, even though the condor has no voice box.
On wing the movements of the condor, as it wheels in majestic circles, are remarkably graceful. The lack of a large sternum to anchor correspondingly large flight muscles identifies them physiologically as primarily soarers. The birds flap their wings on rising from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elevation they seem to sail on the air. Charles Darwin commented on having watched them for half an hour without once observing a flap of their wings. They prefer to roost on high places from where they can launch without major wing-flapping effort. Oftentimes, these birds are seen soaring near rock cliffs, using the heat thermals to aid them with rising in the air.
Wild condors inhabit large territories, often traveling 250 km (150 miles ) a day in search of carrion. They prefer large carcasses such as deer or cattle which they spot by looking for other scavengers, who cannot rip through the tougher hides of these larger animals with the efficiency of the larger condor. In the wild they are intermittent eaters, often going for a few days without eating, then gorging themselves on several pounds at once, sometimes to the point of being unable to lift off the ground.
Human influence
Condors are the national bird of Bolivia, Colombia, Chile and Peru and play important roles in the folklore and mythology of South America, similar to the role the Bald Eagle plays in North America. In Peru, Daniel Alomía Robles, composed one of the most known Peruvian songs: El Cóndor Pasa. Tourists can see the Condors flying freely at the Colca Canyon in Peru, which is a natural habitat of the great Andean condor.
Humans have done significant damage to the condor population. Their low birth rate, late age of sexual maturity, and tendency to mate for life all make them vulnerable to loss of population. Often keepers of cattle have observed condors feeding on the dead young of cattle, and assume that the birds killed the cattle - a fallacy which led to their extermination in many areas throughout the western United States. This fallacy was so deeply ingrained that the reintroduction of condors to the Grand Canyon was challenged in court by distant cattle ranchers, who had been erroneously taught by their parents that the bird was a predator of calves and lambs. This delayed their introduction pending a court decision favorable to their reintroduction. The California Condor remains in danger of extinction; by 1982, only 22 individuals were left alive, all in captivity (2002 population stands at about 200)[link]. Significant damage to the condor population is attributed to hunting, lead poisoning (from eating animals containing lead shot), DDT poisoning, and habitat destruction. Beginning in the 1980s, a captive breeding program was undertaken to try to restore the species. Condors were released in 1991 and 1992 in California, and again in 1996 in Arizona near the Utah border. The Condors were also reintroduced into the wild in the Grand Canyon national park. Their numbers are increasing steadily, particularly in the South Rim of the Canyon, where tourists may view these creatures (as they are attracted by the milling crowds of tourists). Unanticipated deaths among these populations occurred due to contact with Golden Eagles, power lines and other factors such as lead poisoning. Lead poisoning due to fragmented lead bullets in large game waste is a particularly big problem for condors due to their extremely strong digestive juices; this lead waste is not as much of a problem for other avian scavengers such as the Turkey Buzzard and Raven. This problem is expected to be addressed by a requirement that hunters use solid copper bullets when hunting in condor ranges. In 2003 the first bird fledged in the wild since 1981. In March 2006, a pair of California condors were seen nesting in a hollowed out tree in Big Sur, California. This was the first time in more than 100 years in which a pair of California condors had been seen nesting in Northern California. [link][link]
The Andean Condor is becoming more common in bird shows, and these large birds can prove very powerful and aggressive, so a well-trained Andean Condor appearing free in a public show is an impressive feat.
An image of the California Condor, along with John Muir and Half Dome, appears on the California State quarter that was issued in January 2005.
See Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy for an alternative bird of prey classification.
External links
- ARKive - [images and movies of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus)]
- [7" x 4.6" 71.8 KB Condor JPEG provided by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service]
- [Ventana Wildlife Society]
- [University of Wisconsin-Madison]
- [The Year of the Condor]
- [Proyecto Conservación Cóndor Andino de Argentina],Organizado por la Fundación Bioandina Argentina.
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