Criticisms of anarchism
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The theory and practice of anarchism has been controversial since it came to prominence in the 19th century. Some of the criticisms made of anarchism come from the interests it opposes, such as governments. Other criticisms have been made internally of other anarchists or by political movements that share similar goals, such as Marxism.
Violence
Since anarchism has often been associated with violence and destruction, it has been portrayed as being inherently violent. This is a matter of much debate between anarcho-pacifists and those who argue for the right to use violence in self-defense, whether of individuals or of class interests.
Friedrich Engels criticized anarchists for not being violent enough:
- "A revolution is certainly the most authoritarian thing there is; it is the act whereby one part of the population imposes its will upon the other part by means of rifles, bayonets and cannon — authoritarian means, if such there be at all; and if the victorious party does not want to have fought in vain, it must maintain this rule by means of the terror which its arms inspire in the reactionists. Would the Paris Commune have lasted a single day if it had not made use of this authority of the armed people against the bourgeois?"[On Authority'']
Utopianism
Anarchism is often criticized as unfeasible, or plain utopian, even by many who agree that it is a nice idea in principle. For example, Carl Landauer in his book European Socialism criticizes anarchism as being unrealistically utopian, and holds that government is a "lesser evil" than a society without "repressive force." He holds that the belief that "ill intentions will cease if repressive force disappears" is an "absurdity."Landauer, Carl. European Socialism: A History of Ideas and Movements (1959) However, it must be noted that not all anarchists have such a utopian view of anarchism. For example, some, such as Benjamin Tucker, advocate privately-funded institutions that defend individual liberty and property. Other anarchists view anarchy as a utopia that in fact cannot be reached but should be continuously worked toward. Rudolf Rocker once said, "I am an anarchist not because I believe anarchism is the final goal, but because there is no such thing as a final goal" . However, other anarchists, such as Sir Herbert Read, proudly accept the characterization "utopian."
Also, anarchist communists have historically fought for social change that is neither utopian nor unfeasible. The key difference being in who has the power, Marxists and statist in general agree that a centralized and hierarchical (although with elected leaders in democratic governments) apparatus is needed to keep peace and organize social life, anarchist on the other hand believe that the people are perfectly capable of doing both things by their local organizations in a direct democratic and federalist way and that a centralized government is inefficient, bureaucratic and authoritarian.
Hypocrisy
Some critics point to the sexistJenny P. d'Hericourt, "[Contemporary feminist critic of Proudhon]" and racist views of some prominent anarchists, notably Proudhon and Bakunin, as examples of an alleged hypocrisy inherent within anarchism. While many anarchists, however, dismiss that the personal prejudices of 19th century theorists influence the beliefs of present-day anarchists, others criticise modern anarchism for continuing to be Eurocentric and reference the impact of anarchist thinkers like Proudhon on fascism through groups like Cercle Proudhon.[''Anarchist Integralism]. However, the tremendous number of anarchist opponents of fascism in its earliest history, plus the large number of Jewish anarchist followers of Bakunin from the past 120 years appears to attest to the power of his positive ideas about basic human freedom and the rejection by anarchists of his and Proudhon's negative statements (both in their times, like Dejacques and today). Anarchists point out that the people who focus on this area of these two people's writings tend to be Marxists trying to discredit anarchism, or nationalists pursuing a racist agenda, and not anarchists. The jewish anarchist position has been to argue that while the stupidity of anti-semitism whom many otherwise progressive intellectuals possessed should not be forgotten or overlooked, it should not make us forget the positive work some who fell into this trap in past history have contributed to humanity. The argument that anarchism is Eurocentric have largely been disproved by the histories of large Cuban anarchist (see Frank Fernández), Chinese anarchist (see Ba Jin) and Latin American anarchist (see Augusto César Sandino & Ricardo Flores Magón) movements in the 1920's as well as the American individualist anarchists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Former professor Bryan Caplan argues that the treatment of fascists and suspected fascist sympathizers by Spanish anarchists in the Spanish Civil War was a form of illegitimate coercion, making the anarchists "ultimately just a third faction of totalitarians," alongside the communists and fascists. He also criticizes the willingness of the CNT to join the (statist) Republican government during the civil war, and references Stanley G. Payne's book on the Franco regime which claims that the CNT entered negotiations with the fascist government six years after the war.Caplan, Bryan. "[The Anarcho-Statists of Spain]"
Bryan Caplan's political writing and scholarship, and the essay containing these points of view has been criticized as "mostly false reporting, based upon selective presentation of evidence in order to paint a radically false picture of the Spanish Anarchist movement", by anarchists such as Iain McKay.Iain McKay, [Reply to Bryan Caplan's Essay "The Anarcho-Statists of Spain: An Historical, Economic, and Philosophical Analysis", or Objectivity and Right-Libertarian Scholarship], accessed 2006-05-30
Marxists have characterized anarchism as an expression of the class interests of the petite bourgeoisie or perhaps the lumpenproletariat. See e.g. PlekhanovG. V. Plekhanov "[Anarchism and Socialism]" for a Marxist critique of 1895. Anarchists have also been characterized as spoilt middle-class , most recently in relation to anti-capitalist protesters.#redirect Anarchists point out how Marxists revolutions create a new bourgeoisie based on being a bureaucrat, and that most of those anarchists they claim to be "petite bourgeoisie" are merely ordinary working class people who happen to be intellectuals and excessively "street smart".
Tacit authoritarianism
In recent decades anarchism (chiefly the Bakuninist concept of the revolutionary secret society) has been criticized by Situationists and others of preserving tacitly statist, authoritarian or bureaucratic tendencies.. Many anarchists consider it a strawman as the organization proposed by Bakunin has only been used in times of repression where clandestine activity is needed for survival (for example, during the last Argentinean dictatorship by Resistencia Libertaria Anticapitalista).
Post-anarchists share similar concerns regarding the methods, rather than intentions, of some anarchists. For instance, they reject revolution, seeing means of forceful anarchism as effectively authoritarian and only transforming power rather than eliminating it. Most anarchists do believe in the need of revolution (taking over the means of work, abolishing the State) and the violent nature of the struggle to overthrow capitalism. However, the consider that violence has to be very focused and limited or else it would engender a new dictatorship.
Anarcho-capitalism, agorism and other forms of neo-liberalism have also come under serious criticism for essentially being representations of traditional "republican liberalism" (propertarianism) — capitalism that is the same as it was before, yet far worse: with the taxes, compulsory social services, health regulations and socialized medical care programs removed and resulting in a society similar to the way it is depicted in movies like Blade Runner and most Cyberpunk literature. Such modern industrial societies were illustrated in books like Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and much of the writing of Charles Dickens. It is argued that in such societies without a state in which all material resources (including land and capital goods) are owned privately by individuals and businesses the poor would be left to their own devices and the gap between the rich and the poor would naturally exacerbate. This was not what happened during the Spanish revolution, as solidarity was widespread (for example, the Barbers union donated 100000 pesetas to the Asco collectivity for irrigation works). Also, in most places there was a family salary (and all salaries were more or less equal) which varied in accordance to the number of persons dependent of the worker. In other places money was abolished and replaced with quotas of consumption.
Nationalism
In recent years, an obscure movement known as national anarchism emerged, which mixes anarchist, fascist and racialist beliefs. They advocate racial separation, as well as political, social, and economic decentralization. The vast majority of anarchists consider national anarchism to be inherently racist and consider it inconsistent with anarchism.
Some critics argue that the reason why anarchism has failed to be a major political movement is that it always invariably leads to a type of feudalism, as different "free" groups begin to bunch together.
References
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