Doolittle Raid
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| Pacific Campaign 1941-42 |
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| Pearl Harbor – Malaya – Singapore – Wake Island – Thailand – Hong Kong – Philippines – Borneo – Rabaul – Balikpapan – Ambon – Singapore – Makassar Strait – Palembang – Darwin – Badung Strait – Timor – Java Sea – Java – Christmas Island – Indian Ocean – Bataan – Doolittle Raid – Coral Sea – Corregidor – Sydney – Midway |
The Doolittle Raid of April 18, 1942, was the first air raid by the United States to strike the Japanese home islands during World War II. The mission was notable in that it was the only operation in which United States Army Air Forces bombers were launched from a US Navy aircraft carrier. It was also the longest combat mission ever flown by the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber. The Doolittle Raid demonstrated that the Japanese home islands were vulnerable to Allied air attack, and also provided an expedient outlet for U.S. retaliation for Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor Hawaii on December 7, 1941.
The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle, already a famous civilian aviator and aeronautical engineer before the war. The raid, however, had its roots in the mind of Navy Captain Francis Low, who early in the war predicted that, under the right conditions, twin-engined Army bombers could be successfully launched from an aircraft carrier. Subsequent calculations by Doolittle indicated that the B-25 Mitchell could be launched from a carrier with a reasonable bomb load, hit military targets in Japan, and fly on to land in China.
Flying the raid
On April 1, 1942, following two months of intensive training, 16 highly modified North American Aviation B-25B medium bombers[Mitchell], their five-man volunteer crews, and maintenance personnel were loaded onto the USS Hornet at Alameda, California. Each plane carried four 500 lb bombs (three high-explosive and one incendiary), two .50-caliber machine guns in an upper turret, a .30-caliber machine gun in the nose, and extra fuel tanks. Each B-25 was also "armed" with two dummy wooden machine gun barrels mounted in the tail cone to discourage Japanese air attacks from that direction. The planes were arranged and tied down on the Hornet's flight deck in the order of their expected launch. The Hornet left the port of Alameda on April 2, and a few days later joined up with the carrier USS Enterprise and its escort of cruisers and destroyers in the mid-Pacific Ocean north of Hawaii. The Enterprise's fighters and scout planes would provide protection for the entire task force in the event of a Japanese air attack, since the Hornet's fighters were stowed below decks to allow the B-25's to use the flight deck. The two carriers and their escorting ships then proceeded, in radio silence, towards their intended launch point in enemy-controlled waters east of Japan.On the morning of April 18, at a distance of about 650 miles from Japan, the task force was sighted by a Japanese picket boat which radioed an attack warning to Japan. Although the boat was quickly destroyed by gunfire from an American cruiser, Doolittle and Hornet skipper Capt Marc Mitscher decided to launch the B-25's immediately --- a day early and about 200 miles farther from Japan than planned. Despite the fact that none of the B-25 pilots, including Doolittle, had ever taken off from a carrier before, all 16 planes made it off the Hornet safely. They then flew single-file towards Japan at wavetop level to avoid detection. The planes began arriving over Japan about noon, and bombed military targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, Kobe, Osaka, and Nagoya. Although some B-25's encountered light anti-aircraft fire and a few enemy fighters over Japan, no bomber was shot down or severely damaged. Fifteen of the 16 planes then proceeded southwest along the southern coast of Japan and across the East China Sea towards eastern China, where recovery bases supposedly awaited them. One B-25, extremely low on fuel, headed instead for the closer land mass of Russia.
The raiders faced several unforeseen challenges during their flight to China: night was approaching, the planes were running low on fuel, and the weather was rapidly deteriorating. As a result of these problems, the crews realized they would probably not be able to reach their intended bases in China, leaving them the option of either bailing out over eastern China or crash landing along the Chinese coast. Fifteen planes did so; the crew who flew to Russia landed near Vladivostok, where their B-25 was confiscated and the crew interned until they managed to escape through Iran in 1943.
Doolittle and his crew, after safely parachuting into China, received assistance from John Birch, an American missionary in China, whom Doolittle subsequently recommended for intelligence work with General Claire Chennault's Flying Tigers. Birch, who was shot by Chinese Communists ten days after the war ended, was later the namesake of the John Birch Society.
Aftermath
Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians. But the Chinese paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Japanese military slaughtered an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men. The crews of two planes (10 men total) were unaccounted for. On August 15 1942, the United States learned from the Swiss Consulate General in Shanghai that eight of the missing crewmembers were prisoners of the Japanese at Police Headquarters in that city (two crewmen had died in the crash landing of their plane). On October 19 1942, the Japanese announced that they had tried the eight men and sentenced them to death, but that a number of them had received commutation of their sentences to life imprisonment. No names or details were included in the broadcast. Japanese propaganda ridiculed the raid, calling it the "Do-nothing Raid", and boasted that several B-25's had been shot down. In fact, none had been lost to enemy action.After the war, the complete story of the two missing crews was uncovered in a War Crimes Trial held at Shanghai. The trial opened in February 1946 to try four Japanese officers for mistreatment of the eight captured crewmen. Two of the original ten men in the two planes, Dieter and Fitzmaurice, had died when their B-25 ditched off the coast of China. The other eight, Hallmark, Meder, Nielsen, Farrow, Hite, Barr, Spatz, and DeShazer were captured. In addition to being tortured and starved, these men contracted dysentery and beriberi as a result of the poor conditions under which they were confined. On August 28 1942, pilot Hallmark, pilot Farrow, and gunner Spatz were given a mock trial by the Japanese, although the airmen were never told the charges against them. On October 14 1942, these three crewmen were advised that they were to be executed the next day. At 16:30 on October 15 1942 the three were brought by truck to Public Cemetery No. 1, outside Shanghai, and shot.
The other five captured airmen remained in military confinement on a starvation diet, their health rapidly deteriorating. In April 1943, they were moved to Nanking where, on December 1 1943, Meder died of his abuses. The remaining four men (Chase Nielsen, Bob Hite, George Barr, and Jake DeShazer) eventually began receiving slightly better treatment from their captors, and were even given a copy of the Bible and a few other books. They survived until they were freed by American troops in August 1945. The four Japanese officers who were tried for war crimes against the eight Doolittle Raiders were found guilty. Three were sentenced to hard labor for five years and the fourth to a nine-year sentence. Ironically, survivor DeShazer eventually became a missionary and returned to Japan in 1948, where he served in that capacity for over 30 years.
One other Doolittle Raid crewman was lost on the mission. Corporal Leland Faktor was killed during his bailout attempt over China, the only man on his crew to be lost.
Immediately following the raid, Jimmy Doolittle told his crew that he believed the loss of all 16 aircraft, coupled with the relatively minor damage the planes had inflicted on their targets, had rendered the attack a failure, and that he expected a court martial upon his return to the United States. Instead, the raid bolstered American morale to such an extent that Doolittle was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Roosevelt and promoted two grades to Brigadier General, skipping the rank of colonel. He went on to command the 12th Air Force in North Africa, the 15th Air Force in the Mediterranean, and the 8th Air Force in England during the next three years.
In addition to Doolittle's award of the Medal of Honor, Corporal Dave Thatcher (an engineer- gunner) and Lieutenant Thomas White (flight surgeon/gunner) each received the Silver Star for their brave efforts in helping several wounded crewmembers evade Japanese troops in China. All the remaining Raiders (including Thatcher and White) were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, and those who were killed, wounded, or injured as a result of the raid also received the Purple Heart. In addition, every Doolittle Raider received a decoration from the Chinese government.
The Doolittle Raiders have held an annual reunion almost every year since the late 1940's. The high point of each reunion is a solemn, private ceremony in which the surviving Raiders perform a roll call, then toast their fellow Raiders who passed away during the previous year. Specially-engraved silver goblets, one for each of the 80 Raiders, are used for this toast. When only two Raiders remain alive, they will drink a final toast using the vintage bottle of Hennessy cognac which has accompanied the goblets to each Raider reunion since 1960. As of April 2006, only 16 Raiders remain alive. Eight attended the 64th anniversary reunion held in Dayton from April 18 through April 20. The oldest Raider is now 93, and the youngest is 84.
The effect of the raid
Compared to the devastating B-29 Superfortress attacks against Japan later in the war, the Doolittle raid did little material damage. Nevertheless, when the news of the raid was released, American morale soared from the depths to which it had plunged following the Pearl Harbor attack and Japan's subsequent territorial gains. The raid also had strategic impact in that it caused the Japanese to recall some fighter units back to the home islands for defense. They did not understand how American planes could attack from such a distance, assuming that America had developed a new extremely long-range airplane (when in reality, American forces knew it would essentially be a one-way trip). These reassignments subsequently weakened Japan's air capabilities against the Allies at the Battle of Midway and later Pacific Theater campaigns.Books and movies
- The Doolittle Raid was the subject of two 1944 feature films: "Thirty Seconds over Tokyo" and "The Purple Heart". Thirty Seconds over Tokyo was based on a book of the same title by Doolittle Raider pilot Captain Ted W. Lawson, who lost a leg and suffered other serious injuries as a result of his crash landing off the coast of China. In this movie, Spencer Tracy played Lt Col Jimmy Doolittle and Van Johnson portrayed Ted Lawson. "The Purple Heart", starring Dana Andrews, was a largely fictional depiction of the captured Doolittle Raiders. A third movie, the 2001 film Pearl Harbor, presented a view of the raid and of Jimmy Doolittle that many, including the Doolittle raiders who viewed the premiere, consider to be inaccurate.- Three books were written about the Doolittle Raid after the war. "Doolittle's Tokyo Raiders", by C.V. Glines, accurately tells the complete story of the raid, including the unique experiences of each B-25 crew. "Guests of the Kremlin", written by copilot Bob Emmens, describes his crew's adventures as internees in Russia after their landing in that country following the raid. Finally, "Four Came Home", also by C.V.Glines, tells the story of Nielsen, Hite, Barr, and DeShazer --- the Raiders who were held in POW camps for over three years.
Doolittle Raiders exhibit
The world's most complete display of Doolittle Raid memorabilia can be seen at the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio. The centerpiece is a like-new B-25, which is painted and marked as Doolittle's plane (although this one is actually a B-25D). The bomber, which North American Aviation presented to the Raiders in 1958, rests on a reproduction of the USS Hornet's flight deck. The scene is made even more realistic through the use of several authentically-dressed mannequins surrounding the aircraft; these include representations of Doolittle, USS Hornet skipper Captain Marc Mitscher, and groups of Army and Navy personnel loading the plane's bombs and ammunition. Other highlights of the exhibit are the silver goblets used by the Raiders at each of their annual reunions; pieces of flight clothing and personal equipment; a parachute used by one of the Raiders in his bailout over China; and group photographs of all 16 crews. Many other interesting items are also included in this unique collection.Bibliography
- Glover, Charles E. "Jimmy Doolittle’S One Moment in Time." The Palm Beach Post 18 Apr. 1992.
- Edward Hasley "War Stories: Heroism in the Pacific" 18 February 1996
- Hayostek, Cindy. "Exploits of a Doolittle Raider." 21 July 1998. 28 Feb. 2002
- Oxford, Edward. Against All Odds. New York: American History Illustrated, 2002.
- Schultz, Duane. "The Doolittle Raid." St Martin\ Press 18 Mar. 1987.
External links
- [Wright Patterson site]
- ["Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo" The Halsey-Doolittle Raid]
- ["Animated History of Doolittle Raid"]
- [Naval Historical Center site]
- [After action report of Col. Doolittle]
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