English colonization of the Americas
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English colonization of the Americas began in the late 16th century. Colonies were established in North, Central and South America and in the Caribbean, and a protectorate was established in Hawaii. The English were one of the most important colonizers of the Americas and their American Empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in extent.
Three types of colonies existed in the British Empire during the height of its power. These were charter colonies, proprietary colonies and royal colonies.
English North America
- Main articles: Colonial America and History of Canada
A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement) which was renamed the Province of New York in 1664. With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.
Scottish North America
There was also an early unsuccessful attempt by the Kingdom of Scotland to establish a colony at Darién, and the short-lived Scottish colonisation of Nova Scotia (Latin: "New Scotland") from 1629 to 1632. Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in the English colonization even before the two countries were united in 1707. (for more information, see Scottish colonization of the Americas.)British North America
The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then the rest of New France and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763. The most-populated region of New France became the Canadas.In the north, the Hudson's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the Indians, and had competed with French fur traders. The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay called Rupert's Land. The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage which is south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in 1818.
Thirteen of Great Britain's colonies rebelled, beginning in 1776, primarily over representation, local laws and tax issues, and established the United States of America.
Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America, notably the Oregon Country, jointly with the United States from 1818 to 1846. The colonies of Vancouver Island, founded in 1849, and New Caledonia, founded in 1846, were later combined and named British Columbia.
In 1867, the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (the southern portion of modern-day Ontario and Quebec) combined to form a self-governing dominion, named Canada, within the British Empire. Quebec (including what is now the southern portion of Ontario) and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) had been ceded to Britain by the French. The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years, and Newfoundland joined in 1949. Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870. This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba (admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870), Saskatchewan, and Alberta (both created in 1905), as well as the Northwest Territories, the Yukon Territory (created 1898, following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush), and Nunavut (created in 1999).
British North American colonies
- St. John's, Newfoundland, claimed for England by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583; settled unsuccessfully in 1610; informal settlements by 1627.
- Roanoke Colony, founded 1586, abandoned the next year. Second attempt in 1587 disappeared (also called the Lost Colony).
- Virginia Company, chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624
- *London Company
- **Jamestown Settlement, founded 1607.
- **Bermuda, these islands, located in the North Atlantic, were first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company; Administration passed to The Somers Isles Company, formed by the same shareholders, in 1615. Also known officially as The Somers Isles, they remain a British overseas territory.
- **Citie of Henricopolis, founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and was destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622.
- *Plymouth Company
- **Popham Colony, founded 1607, abandoned 1608
- Society of Merchant Venturers (Newfoundland)
- *Cuper's Cove, founded 1610
- *Bristol's Hope, founded 1618
- London and Bristol Company (Newfoundland)
- *Renews, founded 1615
British Caribbean colonies
In order of settlement or founding:
- Saint Kitts - The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623. The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts. After they massacred the Caribs, the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the 1783 Treaty of Paris gave the island to Britain. It became independant as Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
- Barbados - The island was settled in 1625. It became independent in 1966.
- Nevis - The island was permanently settled in 1628. It became independent as Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
- Antigua - The island was settled in 1632. It became independent as Antigua and Barbuda in 1981
- Barbuda - The island was settled about 1632. It became independent as Antigua and Barbuda in 1981.
- Montserrat - The island was settled in 1632. It was occupied by the French in 1664-68 and 1782-84. It remains a British territory.
- Bahamas - The islands were settled from 1647. They became independent in 1971.
- Anguilla - The island was settled in 1650. Its government was united with St. Christopher from 1882 until 1967, when it declared its separation. It was brought back under British administration in 1969. It remains a British territory.
- Jamaica - The island was conquered from Spain in 1655. It became independent in 1962.
- British Virgin Islands - The islands were settled from 1666. They remain a British territory.
- Turks and Caicos Islands - The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s. They remain a British territory.
- Dominica - The island was captured from the French in 1761. The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783. Dominica became independent in 1978.
- Trinidad and Tobago - The island of Tobago was captured in 1762. The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797. The two governments were joined in 1888. They became independent in 1962.
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Saint Vincent was colonized in 1762. France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783. The islands were formerly part of the British colony of the Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958. The nation gained full independence in 1979.
- Grenada - The island was conquered from France in 1762. The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783. It became independent in 1974.
- Saint Lucia - The island was captured from the French in 1778, but returned to them in 1783. In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again, to be permanently annexed by Britain in 1814. St Lucia became independent in 1979.
- Cayman Islands - The islands were acquired from Spain in 1870. It remains a British territory.
British Central and South American colonies
- Belize - English adventurers starting in the mid-1600s, used Belize as a source for logwood, a tree used to make a wool dye. The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives. The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717, 1730, 1754 and 1779. The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798, but were defeated. The colony was known as British Honduras until 1973. Belize became fully independent in 1981.
- Mosquito Coast - This area was first settled in 1630. It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859, then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860.
- British Guiana - The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century. In the Treaty of Breda, the Dutch gained control of these colonies. Britain later controlled various colonies in the area. The Congress of Vienna (1815) awarded the settlements of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain; they were united as British Guiana in 1831. It became independent as Guyana in 1966.
- Falkland Islands - The first British base of 1765 was abandoned in 1774. The Islands continued under British control since the Argentine settlement was expelled in 1833, save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War in 1982.
See also
- British North America
- British Empire
- Colonial America
- Colonialism
- Frontier
- History of Canada
- History of the British Empire
- Imperialism
- Kecoughtan, Virginia, claims to be oldest continually occupied English settlement in the U.S.
- Thirteen Colonies
References
- The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the [Gilbert's trip to North America]
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