Erich Mendelsohn
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Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) was a German Jewish architect, known for his expressionist buildings in the 1920s, the first in their style.
Life
Born in Allenstein, East Prussia, Mendelsohn was the fifth of six children; his mother was a hatmaker and his father a shopkeeper. He attended a humanist Gymnasium in Allenstein and continued with commercial training in Berlin.In 1906 he took up a study of national economics at the University of Munich. In 1908 he began studying architecture at the Technical University of Berlin; two years later he transferred back to the University of Munich, where in 1912 he graduated cum laude. In Munich he was influenced by Theodor Fischer, an architect whose own work fell between neo-classical and Jugendstil, and who had been teaching there since 1907; Mendelsohn also made contact with members of Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke, two groups of expressionist artists.
From 1912 to 1914 he worked as an independent architect in Munich. In 1915 he married cellist Luise Maas. Through her, he met the cello-playing astrophysicist Erwin Finlay Freundlich. Freundlich was the brother of Herbert Freundlich, the deputy director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (now the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in the Dahlem district of Berlin. Freundlich wished to build an astronomical observatory suitable to experimentally confirm Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Through his relationship with Freundlich, Mendelsohn had the opportunity to design and build the Einsteinturm ("Einstein Tower"). This relationship and also the family friendship with the Luckenwalde hat manufacturers Salomon and Gustav Herrmann helped Mendelsohn to an early success.
From then until 1918, what is known of Mendelsohn is above all a multiplicity of sketches of factory and other large buildings, often small format or in letters from the front to his wife.
At the end of 1918, upon his return from World War I, he settled his practice in Berlin. The Einsteinturm and the hat factory in Luckenwalde established his reputation. As early as 1924 Wasmuths Monatshefte für Baukunst (a series of monthly magazines on architecture) produced a booklet about his work. In that same year, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius he was one of the founders of the progressive architectural group known as The Ring.
His practice grew. In its best years, it employed as many as forty people, among them, as a trainee, Julius Posener, later a famous architectural historian. During this time, Mendelsohn was successful both in his work and financially. In 1926, not even forty years old, he was able to buy himself an old villa. In 1928 planning began for his Rupenhorn house, nearly 4000 m², which the family occupied two years later. With an expensive publication about his generously proportioned new home, adorned with the work of Amédée Ozenfant among others, Mendelsohn became the subject of envy.
As a Jew, seeing the rise of antisemitic tendencies in Germany, he emigrated in the spring of 1933 to England. His not inconsiderable fortune was later seized by the Nazis, his name was struck from the list of the German Architects' Union, and he was excluded from the Prussian Academy of Arts.
In England he began a business partnership with Serge Chermayeff, which continued until the end of 1936. Mendelsohn had long known Chaim Weizmann, later President of Israel. At the start of 1934 he began planning a series of projects on Weizmann's behalf in Palestine and in 1935 opened a bureau in Jerusalem. In 1938, having already dissolved his London office, he took UK citizenship and changed his forename to "Eric".
From 1941 until his death Mendelsohn lived in the United States. Until the end of World War II his activities were limited by his immigration status to lectures and publications. He also served as an advisor to the U.S. government. In 1945 he established himself in San Francisco. From then until his death in 1953 he undertook various projects, mostly for Jewish communities.
Buildings
- Workers' colony for the Builders' Union in Luckenwalde (1919-1920)
- Garden pavilion of the Herrmann family, Luckenwalde (1920)
- Work hall of the Herrmann hat factory, Luckenwalde (1919-1920)
- Conversion of the administration building of the Hausleben insurance company, Berlin (1920)
- Einsteinturm (Observatory on the Telegraphenberg) in Potsdam, 1917 or 1920-1921 (building), 1921-1924 (technical equipment). The building, its expressionistic form giving the impression of concrete as a building material, was mostly built in brick and then covered with plaster. Mendelsohn explained this was because of delivery problems; however, it is presumed that the real reason for the choice of building materials was problems with constructing the casing.
- Double villa on Karolingerplatz, Berlin (1921-1922)
- Steinberg hat factory, Herrmann & Co, Luckenwalde (1921-1923) with a strict, angular form
- Conversion and extension of the Rudolf Mosse publishing house, Berlin (1921-1923)
- Weichmann silk factory, Gleiwitz, Schlesien (1922)
- Villa of Dr. Sternefeld, Berlin, (1923-1924)
- Furs factory of C. A. Herpich and Sons, Berlin (1924-1929)
- Schocken department store, Nuremberg (1925-1926)
- Extension and conversion of Cohen & Epstein department store, Duisburg (1925-1927)
- Cottage of Dr. Bejach, Berlin-Steinstücken (1926-1927)
- Schocken department store, Stuttgart (1926-1928). The department store, together with the Tagblatt-Turm (1924-1928) of Ernst-Otto Oßwald across the way, constituted an impressive ensemble of modern architecture, and was damaged only lightly in World War II. In 1960, the city Stuttgart demolished both, despite international protest. In its place today stands Egon Eiermann's unremarkable department store building (Galeria Kaufhof, previously Horten).
- Exhibition pavilion for the publishing house Rudolf Mosse at the "Pressa" in Cologne (1928)
- Rudolf Petersdorff store, Breslau (1927-1928)
- Woga-Komplex and Universum-Kino (cinema), Berlin (1925-1931)
- Jüdischer Friedhof (Jewish cemetery), Königsberg, East Prussia (1927-1929)
- Schocken department store, Chemnitz 1927-1930, known for its arched front with horizontal strips of windows.
- His own home, Am Rupenhorn, Berlin (1928-1930)
- House of the German Metal Workers' Union, Berlin-Kreuzberg (1928-1930)
- Columbus-Haus, Potsdamer Platz, Berlin (1928-1932), originally a store for Galeries Lafayette, not to be confused with the "Columbia-Haus" in Berlin-Tempelhof, which was torn down in 1938
- Jewish youth center, Essen (1930-1933)
- Dobloug Garden store, Oslo, Norway (1932). Built by Rudolf Emil Jacobsen from Mendelsohn's plans
- The De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England (1934). In collaboration with Serge Chermayeff.
- Nimmo house, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, England (1933-1935). In collaboration with Serge Chermayeff.
- Cohen house, Chelsea, London (1934-1936). In collaboration with Serge Chermayeff.
- Gilbey Firm, Camden, London (1935-1936). In collaboration with Serge Chermayeff.
- Villa Weizmann, Weizmann Institute campus, Rehovoth near Tel Aviv (1935-1936)
- Built around the same time: a cluster of three buildings on the Weizmann Institute campus, presently housing high-resolution NMR, biological MRI, and the Kimmel Center for Archeology, respectively
- Zalman Schocken villa and library, Jerusalem (1934-1936)
- Hebrew University, Jerusalem (1934-1940)
- Hadassah University hospital, Jerusalem (1934-1939)
- Anglo-Palestine-Bank, Jerusalem (1936-1939)
- Government hospital, Haifa (1937-1938)
- Synagogue B'Nai Amoona, now Center of Creative Arts, University City, Missouri (1946-1950)
- Maimonides Hospital, San Francisco (1946-1950)
- Park Synagogue, Cleveland, Ohio (1946-1953)
- Russell house, San Francisco (1947-1951)
- Emanu-El Synagogue, Grand Rapids, Michigan, (1948-1954)
- Mount Zion Synagogue, St. Paul, Minnesota (1950-1954)
Publications by Mendelsohn
- Erich Mendelsohn: Amerika. Bilderbuch eines Architekten. Berlin, 1926. Nachdruck Da Capo Press, 1976, ISBN 0-306-70830-2. (In German.)
- Erich Mendelsohn: Rußland - Europa - Amerika. Ein architektonischer Querschnitt. Berlin, 1929. (In German.)
- Erich Mendelsohn: Neues Haus - Neue Welt. Mit Beiträgen von Amédée Ozenfant und Edwin Redslob. Berlin 1932. Reprinted, with an afterword by Bruno Zevi, Berlin, 1997. (In German.)
Publications about Mendelsohn
- —, Erich Mendelsohn: Das Gesamtschaffen des Architekten. Skizzen, Entwürfe, Bauten. Berlin, 1930. Reprinted by Vieweg-Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1988, ISBN 3-528-18731-X. (In German.)
- Bruno Zevi, E. Mendelsohn -The Complete Works. Birkhäuser Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-7643-5975-7.
- —, Erich Mendelsohn - Dynamik und Funktion, Katalog zur Ausstellung des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen e.V.. Hatje Canz Verlag, 1999. (In German.)
- Julius Posener: "Erich Mendelsohn". In: Vorlesungen zur Geschichte der neuen Architektur, special issue of Arch+ for the 75th birthday of Julius Posener. Nr. 48, December 1997, 8-13. (In German.)
- Ita Heinze-Mühleib: Erich Mendelsohn. Bauten und Projekte in Palästina (1934-1941) (In German.)
- Sigrid Achenbach: Erich Mendelsohn 1887-1953 : Ideen - Bauten - Projekte. Catalog for an exhibit on the 100th anniversary of his birth, Beständen der Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Willmuth Arenhövel Verlag, ISBN 3-922912-18-4 (In German.)
- Von Eckardt, Wolf (1960). Masters of World Architecture: Eric Mendelsohn. London : Mayflower. ISBN 0-80-760230-2.
- Whittick, Arnold (1956). Eric Mendelsohn (2nd Ed.). New York : F.W. Dodge Corporation.
External links
- [Web page about Erich Mendelsohn] (archINFORM database)
- [Hutfabrik Luckenwalde: "Meisterwerk von Mendelsohn hat wieder eine Zukunft"], Kulturmagazin der Deutschen Stiftung Denkmalschutz, January 2005. (In German.)
References
This article began as a translation of the [corresponding article] in the German Wikipedia. (Retrieved 06:19, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC))
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