Espionage Act of 1917
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The Espionage Act of 1917 was a United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. It was punishable by a $USD 10,000 fine and 20 years in prison. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war constituted a real threat to an American victory.
Publications which the Wilson Administration determined were guilty of violating the 1917 Espionage Act "were subject to being deprived of mailing privilege, a blow to most periodicals," according to Sidney Kobre's Development of American Journalism book. A section of the Espionage Act allowed the Postmaster General to declare all letters, circulars, newspapers, pamphlet books and other materials that violated the Act to be unmailable.
As a result of the Espionage Act, about 75 newspapers either lost their mailing privileges or were pressured to print nothing more about World War I between June 1917 and May 1918. Among the publications which were censored in this way as a result of the Espionage Act were two Socialist Party daily newspapers: the New York Call and the Milwaukee Leader. The editor of the Milwaukee Leader--Victor Berger--was also sentenced to 20 years imprisonment after being convicted on a charge of conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act. The Industrial Workers of the World [IWW]'s Solidarity journal, as well as the American Socialist and The Masses bohemian radical magazine, were also banned from the mails under the terms of the Espionage Act. German-American or German-American language newspapers, pacifist publications and Irish nationalist publications like Jeremiah O'Leary's Bull were also banned from the mails as a result of the Espionage Act.
The laws were ruled to be compliant with the United States Constitution in the United States Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919). Schenck, an anti-war Socialist, had been convicted of violating the Espionage Act, after he published a pamphlet urging resistance to the World War I draft. Although Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes joined the Court majority in upholding Schenck's conviction in 1919, he also introduced the theory that punishment in such cases can only be limited to political expression which constitutes a "clear and present danger" to the government action at issue.
The law was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it illegal to speak out against the government.
During and after World War I, the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were used in some prosecutions that would be considered constitutionally unacceptable in the U.S., even in the political climate after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York's World Trade Center.#redirect While many of the laws were repealed in 1921, major portions of the Espionage Act remain part of United States law (18 USC 793, 794). The libel decision of New York Times Company v. Sullivan (1964), by granting special protection to criticism of public officials, largely eliminated what remained of the crime of sedition in the United States. [link]
The United States Congress has enacted other laws to protect specific types of information including:
- cryptographic intelligence and methods - 18 USC 798
- nuclear weapons and materials (Restricted Data) - Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 USC 2162, 2163, 2168, and 7383)
- industrial trade secrets - Industrial Espionage Act of 1996 (18 USC Chapter 90)
- intelligence sources and methods (Wnintel) - in particular the Intelligence Identities Protection Act (50 USC 421–426)
- data stored on computers - Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 USC 1030) and the Stored Communications Act (18 USC 2701)
- patient medical records (HIPAA)
- video tape rental and sale records — Video Privacy Protection Act — (18 USC 2710)
See also
- Freedom of Information Act (United States)
- Executive Order 13292 Classified National Security Information
- Official Secrets Act (U.K. and others)
- Security clearance
- The Sedition Acts
External links
- [United States Code (USC)]
- [Full Text of the original (1917) US Espionage Act]
- [United States v. Morison], a 1985 ruling that leaks to the press of classified information by government officials are prosecutable under 18 USC 793(d). The court specifically found that there in no need under this law to show any "evil purpose."
- [Seymour Stedman, a Chicago attorney, who defended Eugene V. Debs and Rose Pastor Stokes on Espionage Act violations during WWI]
- [The United States v. Rose Pastor Stokes (1918)]
- [2005 Federal Indictment of Lewis Libby (Page 2, section b)]
- [Repression against the IWW]
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