Et in Arcadia ego

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Et in Arcadia ego
Nicolas Poussin, 1637–1638
oil on canvas, 185 × 121 cm
Musée du Louvre
"Et in Arcadia ego" is a Latin phrase that most famously appears as the title of two paintings by Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665). They are pastoral paintings depicting idealized shepherds from classical antiquity, clustering around an austere tomb. The more famous second version of the subject, measuring 122 by 85 cm, is in the Louvre, Paris, and also goes under the name "Les bergers d'Arcadie" ("The Arcadian Shepherds"). It has been highly influential in the history of art and more recently has been associated with the pseudohistory of the Priory of Sion popularised in the books Holy Blood, Holy Grail and The Da Vinci Code.

Contents

1 Origin
2 Conspiracy theories
3 Other uses
4 See also
5 External links
6 Notes
7 References

Origin

The phrase is a memento mori, which is usually interpreted to mean "I am also in Arcadia" or "I am even in Arcadia", as if spoken by personified Death. However, Poussin's biographer, Andre Felibien, interpreted it to mean that "the person buried in this tomb has lived in Arcadia"; in other words, that they too once enjoyed the pleasures of life on earth. The former interpretation is generally considered to be more likely. Either way, the sentiment was meant to set up an ironic contrast by casting the shadow of death over the usual idle merriment that the nymphs and swains of ancient Arcadia were thought to embody.

Guercino's 1622 version of the subject

The first appearance of a tomb with a memorial inscription (to Daphnis) amid the idyllic settings of Arcadia appears in Virgil's Eclogues V, 42ff. Virgil took the idealized Sicilian rustics that had first appeared in the Idylls of Theocritus and set them in the primitive Greek district of Arcadia. The idea was taken up anew in the circle of Lorenzo de' Medici in the 1460s and 1470s, during the Florentine Renaissance. In his pastoral work Arcadia (1504), Jacopo Sannazaro fixed the Early Modern perception of Arcadia as a lost world of idyllic bliss, remembered in regretful dirges. In the 1590s, Sir Philip Sidney circulated copies of his romance The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, which soon got into print. The first pictorial representation of the familiar memento mori theme that was popularized in 16th-century Venice, now made more concrete and vivid by the inscription ET IN ARCADIA EGO, is Guercino's version, painted between 1618 and 1622 (in the Galleria Barberini, Rome), in which the inscription gains force from the prominent presence of a skull in the foreground, beneath which the words are carved.

Poussin's 1627 version of the "Arcadian Shepherds", depicting a different tomb with the same inscription

Poussin's own first version of the painting (now in Chatsworth house) was probably commissioned as a reworking of Guercino's version. It is in a far more Baroque style than the later version, characteristic of Poussin's early work. In the Chatsworth painting the shepherds are actively discovering the half-hidden and overgrown tomb, and are reading the inscription with curious expressions. The shepherdess, standing at the left, is posed in sexually suggestive fashion, very different from her austere counterpart in the later version. The later version has a far more geometric composition and the figures are much more contemplative. The mask-like face of the shepherdess conforms to the conventions of the Classical "Greek profile".

Conspiracy theories

While the phrase "et in Arcadia ego" is a nominal phrase with no finite verb, it is a perfectly acceptable construction in Latin. Pseudohistorians unaware of that aspect of Latin grammar have concluded that the sentence is incomplete, missing a verb, and speculated that it represents some esoteric message concealed in a (possibly anagrammatic) code. In The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, under the false impression that "et in Arcadia ego" was not a proper Latin sentence, proposed that it is an anagram for I! Tego arcana Dei, which translates to "Begone! I keep God's secrets", suggesting that the tomb contains the remains of Jesus or another important Biblical figure. They claimed that Poussin was privy to this secret and that he depicted an actual location. The authors did not explain why the tomb depicted in the second version of the painting should contain this secret while the distinctly different one in the first version presumably does not. Ultimately, this view is dismissed by art historians.

In their book The Tomb of God, Richard Andrews and Paul Schellenberger, developing these ideas, have theorized that the Latin sentence misses the word "sum". They argue that the extrapolated phrase Et in Arcadia ego sum could be an anagram for Arcam Dei Tango Iesu, which would mean "I touch the tomb of God – Jesus". Their argument assumes that:

a) the Latin phrase is incomplete
b) the extrapolation as to the missing words is correct
c) the sentence, once completed, is intended to be an anagram
d) Andrews and Schellenberger selected the proper anagram out of the thousands of possibilities.

Andrews and Schellenberger also claim that the tomb portrayed is one at Les Pontils, near Rennes-le-Château[Images of the Les Pontile tomb]. However, Franck Marie in 1974 and Michel Vallet (aka "Pierre Jarnac") in 1985 had already concluded that this tomb was begun in 1903 by the owner of the land, Jean Galibert, who buried his wife and grandmother there in a simple grave. Their bodies were exhumed and reinterred elsewhere after the land was sold to Louis Lawrence, an American from Connecticut who had emigrated to the area. He buried his mother and grandmother in the grave and built the stone sepulchre. Marie and Vallet had both interviewed Adrien Bourrel, Lawrence's son, who witnessed the construction of the sepulchre in 1933 when a young boy. Pierre Plantard, the creator of the Priory of Sion mythology, tried to argue that the sepulchre at Les Pontils was a "prototype" for Poussin's painting, but it was situated directly opposite a farmhouse (behind the foliage) and was not in the "middle of nowhere" in the French countryside, as is commonly assumed. The sepulchre has since been demolished.

The Shugborough relief, adapted from Poussin's second version of the subject

Further conspiracy theories concerning the image have been fueled by a reversed copy of Poussin's second version sculpted, around 1760, in relief at Shugborough House in Staffordshire, England, beneath which is a mysterious inscription in a series of separate letters which imply an encoded message, as yet undeciphered. The reversed composition may mean that it was copied from an engraving, the compositions of which are commonly reversed because direct copies to the plate produce mirror images on printing.

In 1832 another relief was sculpted as part of the monument marking Poussin's tomb in Rome, on which it appears beneath a bust of the artist. In the words of the art historian Richard Verdi, it appears as if the shepherds are contemplating "their own author's death."http://assets.cambridge.org/052164/0040/sample/0521640040WSC00.pdf Warwick, G. & Scott, K., Commemorating Poussin: Reception and Interpretation of the Artist, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 9

Other uses

Evelyn Waugh used the phrase as the title of the first act of his novel Brideshead Revisited.
It is the title of the second major story arc of Grant Morrison's esoteric comic-book series The Invisibles, which incorporates Poussin's painting.
It appears as an inscription on a gun in Cormac McCarthy's novel Blood Meridian.
The painting has been referenced by the work of Ian Hamilton Finlay. The poet Goethe used a literal German translation (also without the verb "to be") — "Auch ich in Arkadien" — in reminiscing about a formative trip to Italy in his youth.
The painting is cited as the inspiration for Nick Rhodes choosing the name "Arcadia" for a short-lived but significant musical group in the mid 1980s.
The TV series "Millennium" (1996-1999) was famous for its arcane and mysterious titles, and a second-season episode is titled "In Arcadia Ego".
Tom Stoppard's 1993 play Arcadia takes its name from this phrase. A character in the play mistranslates the Latin into English.
In Louis de Bernières' 1990 novel The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts (p367), we are told Father Garcia will one day carve this "famous phrase" at the base of an obelisk in Cochadebajo de los Gatos.

External links

[Paul Smith, "Et in Arcadia ego"]
[Marc Wiesmann, "Classical Arcadia"]
[Guercino's painting illustrated at the official Galleria Barbarini website] (text in Italian)

Notes

References

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