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Excerpts from government-approved Japanese history textbooks

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Junior high school history textbook, 1983 (Tokyo Shoseki)

Kaitei Atarashii Sahaki Rekishi (改訂 新しい社会 歴史). Published from Tokyo Shoseki ([東京書籍]) on Feburary 10, 1984. Approved on March 31, 1983.

  1. March 1st Movement:
  2. * "In Joseon, Seoul, on March 1, 1919, Korean intellectuals proclaimed the Declaration of Independence from Japan. With this as a turning point, students started a movement chanting 'Independence mansei'. This movement aroused the sympathy of the Korean people who had been suffering under the Japanese colonial rule, and spread all over the country." (p. 259)
  3. * "朝鮮では、1919年3月1日、京城（現在のソウル）で、知識人などが日本からの独立を求める独立宣言を発表した。これを契機として、学生たちは「独立万歳」をさけんで運動をおこした。この運動は、日本の植民地支配に苦しめられていた民衆の共感をよんで、各地にひろがった。"
  4. Manchurian Incident:
  5. * "Entering 1932, Japan established Manchukuo with the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty as the head of the state, and separated it from China. However, the Japanese were at the helm in reality, and the state was economically dominated by Zaibatsu. China petitioned to the League of Nations for this Japanese invasion." (p. 275)
  6. * "1932年になると、日本は、清朝最後の皇帝を元首として、満州国を建て、中国から分離させた。しかし、実権は日本人がにぎり、財閥なども進出して、この国を経済的に支配した。中国は、このような日本の侵略を国際連盟にうったえた。"
  7. Growing Militarism:
  8. * "Through these incidents [May 15 Incident and February 26 Incident] the influence of the military on politics grew greater. Ideas that opposed militarism were harshly regulated, and various people such as liberals and the persons of religion were persecuted with Peace Preservation Law, etc.... 75,000 people were arrested by the end of the war (1945) for the violation of Peace Preservation Law, and quite a few of them were tortured." (pp. 275-276)
  9. * "これらの事件をへて、軍部の政治への発言が強まった。 軍国主義に反対する思想のとりしまりもはげしくなり、治安維持法などによって、自由主義者や宗教家など、さまざまな人々が弾圧をうけた…治安維持法違反であるとされて、終戦（1945年）までに7万5千人もの人々が検挙され、なかには、拷問をうけた人も少なくなかった。"
  10. Sino-Japanese War:
  11. * "The Japanese army occupied the Northern China, then invaded Nanjing, and killed and destroyed the lives of many Chinese people across. Footnote: The Japanese army that occupied Nanjing killed many Chinese people inside and outside the urban district within several weeks. The number of deaths was around 7-80,000 counting only civilians such as women and children. Including the deserted soldiers the number is estimated to be over 200,000. China estimates the number of the victims to be well over 300,000 including war deaths. Japan was condemned by other nations for this incident known as Nanjing Massacre; however, the Japanese people then were not notified of the fact." (p. 277)
  12. * "日本軍は華北を占領し、さらにナンキン（南京）へ侵攻して、各地で多くの中国民衆の生命を奪い、その生活を破壊して大きな損害をあたえた。脚注：ナンキンを占領した日本軍は、数週間のあいだに、市街地の内外で多くの中国人を殺害した。その死者の数は、婦女子・子どもをふくむ一般市民だけで7〜8万、武器を捨てた兵士をふくめると、20万以上ともいわれる。また、中国では、この殺害によるぎせい者を、戦死者をふくめ、30万以上とみている。この事件は、ナンキン大虐殺として、諸外国から非難をあびたが、日本の一般国民は、その事実を知らされなかった。"
  13. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:
  14. * "In 1940, observing the defeat of France to Germany, Japan proclaimed the establishment of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japan made an entry into French Indochina and occupied the northern part. Footnote: It was to submit an idea that Asian nations should cooperate with one another and prosper together removing the American and European forces. However, in reality, it was only a pretext for Japan to dominate the rest of Asia." (p. 282)
  15. * "1940年（昭和15年）、フランスがドイツに敗れたのをみて、「大東亜共栄圏」の建設を唱えて、フランス領インドシナに進駐し、北部を占領した。脚注：アジアから欧米諸国の勢力を除き、アジア諸民族だけで協力して栄えていこうという考えを示している。しかし、じっさいには、アジアを日本が支配しようとするものであった。"
  16. Occupation of Southeast Asia:
  17. * "In Southeast Asia that the Japanese military occupied, independent governments were established in Burma and the Philippines; however, the real power was held by the Japanese military. In the occupied territories, the life of the people were impoverished because the Japanese military forcibly collected from them rice and resources necessary to wage the war. In addition, the Japanese military killed more than 6,000 Chinese residents who were deemed rebellious in the occupied Singapore, and oppressively ruled the Philippines and the rest of Southeast Asia by severely punishing the people who opposed the policy of the military. As the result of such an occupation policy, resistance movements against the Japanese rule spread throughout." (pp. 283-284)
  18. * "日本軍が占領した東南アジアでは、ビルマやフィリピンに独立政府がつくられたが、その実権は日本軍がにぎっていた。占領地域では、戦争に必要な資源や米などが強制的にとりたてられ、民衆の生活は苦しくなった。そのうえ、日本軍は、占領していたシンガポールで、日本軍に抵抗するとみなした6千人以上もの中国系住民の生命を奪ったのをはじめ、フィリピンなど各地で、軍の方針に反した人々を、きびしく処罰するような強圧的な支配をおこなった。このような占領政策の結果、日本の支配に対する抵抗運動が各地にひろがった。"
  19. Predicament of Korean and Chinese people:
  20. * "Many Korean and Chinese people were forced to move to Japan and worked a hard labor job in coal mines under horrible conditions. Footnote: In wartime years the government strengthened the policy to assimilate the Koreans to the Japanese, by forcing them to use Japanese language, worship Shinto shrine, and adopt Japanese names." (p. 284)
  21. * "さらに多数の朝鮮人や、中国人までも強制的につれてきて、ひどい条件のもとで炭坑などの重労働に十字させた。脚注：戦時下になると、政府は、朝鮮人に対して、日本人に同化させる政策をさらに強め、日本語を使用することや神社に参拝すること、姓名を日本風にかえること（創氏改名）などを強制した。"
  22. Potsdam Declaration:
  23. * "Finally, Japan accepted Potsdam Declaration and decided to surrender.... With this, China and the occupied Southeast Asian nations were freed from the invasion of the Japanese military. In Joseon, the 35 years of the Japanese colonial rule was brought down." (p. 290)
  24. * "日本はついに、ポツダム宣言をうけいれ、降伏することを決めた…それとともに、中国や占領された東南アジアは、日本軍の侵攻から開放された。また、朝鮮では、35年間にわたった日本による植民地支配がうちくずされた。"

High school history textbook, 1998 (Tokyo Shoseki)

Nihonshi B (日本史B). Published from Tokyo Shoseki ([東京書籍]) on Feburary 10, 1999. Approved on March 31, 1998.

  1. Unit 731:
  2. * "Footnote: Struggling an uphill battle against the Eighth Route Army of the Communist Party of China, the Japanese army started an all-out mopping-up campaign. Also Unit 731 of Kantogun dealt with germ weapons, and the Japanese army used poison gas." (p. 299)
  3. * "脚注：中国共産党の八路軍などに苦戦を強いられた日本軍は、1940（昭和15）年ごろから徹底した掃討戦を展開した。また、関東軍の731部隊は細菌兵器をあつかい、日本軍は毒ガスも使用した。"
  4. Comfort women:
  5. * "Footnote: There were many Korean women who were brought to combat area as wartime comfort women. Recently the victims have been vocally protesting for official apology and individual reparations from the Japanese government." (p. 308)
  6. * "脚注：従軍慰安婦として戦地にだされた朝鮮人女性も少なくなかった。最近になって被害者が日本政府に大して公式謝罪と個人補償を求める声をあげている。"
  7. Okinawa:
  8. * "Footnote: In this battle that involved civilians, the tragedy of mass suicide occurred and civilians were killed by the Japanese soldiers on suspicion of espionage in many places." (p. 309)
  9. * "脚注：民間人をまきこんだこの戦いでは、集団自決の悲劇や、民間人がスパイの嫌疑などで日本軍兵士に殺害される事件も各地でおこった。"
  10. Japan-Korea Treaty on Basic Relations:
  11. * "Footnote: In an accompanying agreement, it was decided that Japan shall offer economic aid over 8 hundred million dollars in total. Also it was confirmed that the problems concerning property and reparation claims of the two nations and of the peoples of the two nations had been settled completely and finally." (p. 333)
  12. * "脚注：付属の協定で、日本が韓国に総額8億ドル以上の経済援助を供与することがとりきめられた。そして、日本の植民地支配がもたらした、両国および両国民にかかわる財産や請求権の問題は、完全かつ最終的に解決されたことが確認された。"
  13. Japan-China Joint Communique:
  14. * "Footnote: Japan expressed that it was keenly conscious of the responsibility for the serious damage that Japan caused, and regretted deeply for it.... Also in this communique China renounced its demand for war reparation from Japan." (p. 343)
  15. * "脚注：日本は、過去の戦争による加害の責任を痛感し、深く反省すると表明した…また、この声明で中国は、対日戦争賠償請求権の放棄を宣言した。"
  16. War responsibility and reparations:
  17. * "From around the 1990s after 50 years since the end of World War II, people in Asia started to demand apology and compensation for the damages that they received during the war such as compulsory recruitment from China and Joseon and wartime comfort women. These issues of war responsibility and post-war compensation also are big issues for Japan to settle. Footnote: As for state reparation it has already been completed with San Francisco Peace Treaty and bilateral agreements that were concluded with each nation individually." (p. 354)
  18. * "第二次世界大戦の終戦から50年をへた1990年代のなかばごろから、中国・朝鮮からの強制的な徴用や従軍慰安婦問題など、戦争時の被害に対する謝罪や補償をもとめる動きがアジアの人々におきている。これらの戦争責任や戦後補償の問題を解決することも大きな課題である。脚注：国家賠償については、サンフランシスコ平和条約や各国と個別に結んだ二国間協定で履行ずみである。"

Junior high school history textbook, 2005 (Fushosha)

New History Textbook 2005 version (新しい歴史教科書). Published from Fusosha, translated by Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform From [link]. It must be noted that this controversial textbook has been adopted in less than 1% of junior high schools in Japan.
  1. Nanjing Massacre:
  2. *"In August 1937, two Japanese soldiers, one an officer, were shot to death in Shanghai (the hub of foreign interests). After this incident, the hostilities between Japan and China escalated. Japanese military officials thought Chiang Kai-shek would surrender if they captured Nanking, the Nationalist capital; they occupied that city in December. *But Chiang Kai-shek had moved his capital to the remote city of Chongqing. The conflict continued. Note *At this time, many Chinese soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded by Japanese troops (the Nanking Incident). Documentary evidence has raised doubts about the actual number of victims claimed by the incident. The debate continues even today" (p. 49).
  3. Marco Polo Bridge Incident:
  4. *“On July 7, 1937, shots were fired at Japanese soldiers while they were engaged in maneuvers near Marco Polo Bridge (located outside Beijing). By the next day, this incident (the Marco Polo Bridge Incident) had escalated into hostilities with Chinese troops. The incident was of relatively small magnitude, and efforts were made to resolve it locally. But Japan decided to send a large number of troops to China when the Nationalist government issued an emergency mobilization order. These events marked the beginning of a war that lasted for eight long years" (p. 49).
  5. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:
  6. *"The war inflicted a huge amount of devastation and suffering on the peoples of Asia, where it was fought. The casualties (both military and civilian) attributable to Japanese invasions were particularly high in China. Each time the Japanese occupied a Southeast Asian nation, they set up a military administration. Leaders of local independence movements cooperated with those military administrations so that they could liberate their countries from the yoke of the Western powers. But when the Japanese insisted that local populations learn the Japanese language and worship at Shinto shrines, they met with resistance. Anti-Japanese elements who aligned themselves with the Allies engaged in guerrilla warfare, which Japanese troops dealt with severely. Many people, civilians included, were killed during these confrontations. When the fortunes of war turned against Japan and food supplies ran short, the Japanese often forced the local population to do back-breaking work. After the war was over, Japan paid reparations to those nations. Then Japan was accused of promoting the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere philosophy to justify the war and occupation of Asia. Later, after Japan was defeated and Japanese troops had withdrawn from Asia, all these former colonies achieved independence through their own efforts during the next dozen years. Some Japanese soldiers remained in Asia and participated in the various struggles for independence. The initial goal of Japan’s southward advance was to obtain resources, but it also served to spur on nascent independence movements in Asia" (p. 54)
  7. Japanese Actions Inspire the Peoples of Asia :
  8. *"Japanese soldiers drove out the forces of Western Europe, which had colonized the nations of Asia for many years. They surprised us, because we didn’t think we could possibly beat the white man, and they inspired us with confidence. They awakened us from our long slumber, and convinced us to make the nation of our ancestors our own nation once again. We cheered the Japanese soldiers as they marched through the Malay Peninsula. When we saw the defeated British troops fleeing, we felt an excitement we had never experienced before. (Excerpt from the writings of Raja Dato Nong Chik, leader of the Malaysian independence movement and former member of the Malaysian House of Representatives)" (p. 54)

Footnotes

See also

External links

  • [JE KALEIDOSCOPE] (English translations of Japan's middle school history textbooks today)

 

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