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<h1>Extremes on Earth</h1>
<p><a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/">Encyclopedia</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/E">E</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/E/EX">EX</a> : <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/E/EX/EXT">EXT</a> : Extremes on Earth</p>
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<p>
<!--cur_id:736240-->
<div class="tabcontent">
<div class="tabconthead">Contents</div>
<ul class="tabcontlist">
<li><a href="#Extremes_on_land">1&nbsp;Extremes on land</a></li><ul class="tabcontlist t2"><li><a href="#Subterranea">1.1&nbsp;Subterranea</a></li></ul><li><a href="#Greatest_oceanic_depths">2&nbsp;Greatest oceanic depths</a></li><li><a href="#Coldest_and_hottest_inhabited_places_on_Earth">3&nbsp;Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth</a></li><li><a href="#Northern_and_southernmost_points_of_land_on_Earth">4&nbsp;Northern and southernmost points of land on Earth</a></li><li><a href="#Northern_and_southernmost_capitals_in_the_world">5&nbsp;Northern and southernmost capitals in the world</a></li><li><a href="#See_also">6&nbsp;See also</a></li><li><a href="#External_links">7&nbsp;External links</a></li><li><a href="#References">8&nbsp;References</a></li></ul>
</div>
<a name="Extremes_on_land" id="Extremes_on_land"></a><h2>Extremes on land</h2><p>

<table class="wikitable">
<tr><th rowspan="2" valign="bottom">Continent</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Elevation</th><th colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/term/Temperature">Temperature</a> (recorded)</th></tr>
<tr><th>Highest</th><th>Lowest</th><th>Highest</th><th>Lowest</th></tr><p>

<tr><th><a href="/term/Africa">Africa</a></th><td><div class="floatright"><span><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Kilimanjaro01.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="46" alt="100px" title="100px" /></span></div>5,895 metres (19,340 feet)<br><a href="/term/Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a>, <a href="/term/Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td><td>&minus;156 metres (&minus;512 feet)<br><a href="/term/Lake_Asal_(Djibouti)">Lake Asal</a>, <a href="/term/Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td><td><strong>57.7 °C  (135.9 °F)<br><a href="/term/Al_'Aziziyah">Al 'Aziziyah</a>, <a href="/term/Libya">Libya</a><br><a href="/term/13_September">13 September</a> <a href="/term/1922">1922</a></strong></td><td>&minus;23.9 °C (&minus;11.0 °F)<br><a href="/term/Ifrane">Ifrane</a>, <a href="/term/Morocco">Morocco</a><br><a href="/term/11_February">11 February</a> <a href="/term/1935">1935</a></td></tr><p>

<tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/term/North_America">America, North</a></th><td rowspan="2"><div class="floatright"><span><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Denali_Mt_McKinley.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="67" alt="100px" title="100px" /></span></div>6,194 metres (20,320 feet)<br><a href="/term/Mount_McKinley">Mount McKinley</a> (Denali), <a href="/term/Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/term/U.S.A.">U.S.A.</a></td><td rowspan="2">&minus;86 metres (&minus;282 feet)<br><a href="/term/Death_Valley">Death Valley</a>, <a href="/term/California">California</a>, <a href="/term/U.S.A.">U.S.A.</a></td><td rowspan="2">56.7 °C  (134.0 °F)<br><a href="/term/Death_Valley">Death Valley</a>, <a href="/term/California">California</a>, <a href="/term/U.S.A.">U.S.A.</a><br><a href="/term/10_July">10 July</a> <a href="/term/1913">1913</a></td><td>&minus;63.0 °C (&minus;81.4 °F)<br>Snag, <a href="/term/Yukon">Yukon</a>, <a href="/term/Canada">Canada</a><br><a href="/term/3_February">3 February</a> <a href="/term/1947">1947</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>&minus;66 °C (&minus;87 °F)<br>Northice, <a href="/term/Greenland">Greenland</a><br><a href="/term/9_January">9 January</a> <a href="/term/1954">1954</a></td></tr><p>

<tr><th><a href="/term/South_America">America, South</a></th><td><div class="floatright"><span><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Aconcagua_-_Argentina_-_January_2005_-_by_Sergio_Schmiegelow.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="75" alt="100px" title="100px" /></span></div>6,962 metres (22,841 feet)<br><a href="/term/Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a>, <a href="/term/Mendoza_Province">Mendoza</a>, <a href="/term/Argentina">Argentina</a></td><td>&minus;105 metres (&minus;344 feet)<br>Laguna del Carbón, <a href="/term/Argentina">Argentina</a></td><td>48.9 °C (120.0 °F)<br><a href="/term/Comodoro_Rivadavia">Comodoro Rivadavia</a>, <a href="/term/Chubut_Province">Chubut</a>, <a href="/term/Argentina">Argentina</a><br><a href="/term/11_December">11 December</a> <a href="/term/1905">1905</a></td><td>&minus;33.0 °C (&minus;27.4 °F)<br>Sarmiento, <a href="/term/Argentina">Argentina</a><br><a href="/term/1_June">1 June</a> <a href="/term/1907">1907</a></td></tr><p>

<tr><th><a href="/term/Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td><div class="floatright"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Vinson_Massif_from_space.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Vinson_Massif_from_space.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="100" alt="100px" title="100px" /></a></span></div>4,897 metres (16,066 feet)<br><a href="/term/Vinson_Massif">Vinson Massif</a></td><td>-2,555 meters (-8,383 feet)
<a href="/term/Bentley_Subglacial_Trench">Bentley Subglacial Trench</a></td><td>14.6 °C (58.3 °F)<br><a href="/term/Vanda_Station">Vanda Station</a><br><a href="/term/5_January">5 January</a> <a href="/term/1974">1974</a></td><td><strong>&minus;89.2 °C (&minus;128.6 °F)<br><a href="/term/Vostok,_Antarctica">Vostok</a><br><a href="/term/21_July">21 July</a> <a href="/term/1983">1983</a></strong></td></tr><p>

<tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/term/Asia">Asia</a></th><td rowspan="2"><div class="floatright"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sagarmatha_ck_Oct18_2002.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Sagarmatha_ck_Oct18_2002.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="69" alt="100px" title="100px" /></a></span></div><strong>8,848 metres (29,028 feet)<br><a href="/term/Mount_Everest">Mount Everest</a>, <a href="/term/Nepal">Nepal</a> - <a href="/term/Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/term/China">China</a></td><td rowspan="2"><b>&minus;418 metres (&minus;1,371 feet)<br><a href="/term/Dead_Sea">Dead Sea</a> shore, <a href="/term/Israel">Israel</a> - <a href="/term/Jordan">Jordan</a></strong></td><td rowspan="2">53.9 °C  (129.0 °F)<br>Tirat Tsvi, <a href="/term/Israel">Israel</a><br><a href="/term/21_June">21 June</a> <a href="/term/1942">1942</a></td><td>&minus;67.8 °C (&minus;90.0 °F)<small> Measured</small><br><a href="/term/Verkhoyansk">Verkhoyansk</a>, <a href="/term/Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/term/Russia">Russia</a><br><a href="/term/7_February">7 February</a> <a href="/term/1892">1892</a> <ref>&#091;<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004630" target="_blank">Average conditions for Verkhoyansk from the BBC</a>&#093;</ref></td></tr>
<tr><td>&minus;71.2 °C (&minus;96.16 °F)<small> Extrapolated</small><br><a href="/term/Oymyakon">Oymyakon</a>, <a href="/term/Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/term/Russia">Russia</a><br><a href="/term/26_January">26 January</a> <a href="/term/1926">1926</a> <ref>&#091;<a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0512_040512_tvoymyakon.html" target="_blank">Life Is a Chilling Challenge in Subzero Siberia from the National Geographic</a>&#093;</ref></td></tr><p>

<tr><th><a href="/term/Australia">Australia</a></th><td><div class="floatright"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:P1010300.JPG" target="_blank"><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-P1010300.JPG" class="image" width="100" height="75" alt="100px" title="100px" /></a></span></div> 2,228 metres (7,310 feet)<br><a href="/term/Mount_Kosciuszko">Mount Kosciuszko</a>, <a href="/term/New_South_Wales">New South Wales</a></td><td>&minus;12 metres (&minus;52 feet)<br><a href="/term/Lake_Eyre">Lake Eyre</a>, <a href="/term/South_Australia">South Australia</a></td><td>53.1 °C (128.0 °F)<br><a href="/term/Cloncurry,_Queensland">Cloncurry, Queensland</a><br><a href="/term/16_January">16 January</a> <a href="/term/1889">1889</a>*</td><td>&minus;23.0 °C (&minus;10.4 °F)<br><a href="/term/Charlotte_Pass,_New_South_Wales">Charlotte Pass, New South Wales</a><br><a href="/term/29_June">29 June</a> <a href="/term/1994">1994</a></td></tr><p>

<tr><th><a href="/term/Europe">Europe</a></th><td><div class="floatright"><span><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Albours.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="75" alt="100px" title="100px" /></span></div>5,642 metres (18,506 feet)<br><a href="/term/Mount_Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, <a href="/term/Russia">Russia</a></td><td>&minus;28 metres (&minus;92 feet)<br><a href="/term/Caspian_Sea">Caspian Sea</a> shore, <a href="/term/Russia">Russia</a> - <a href="/term/Iran">Iran</a> - <a href="/term/Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> - <a href="/term/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td><td>50.0 °C  (122.0 °F)<br><a href="/term/Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/term/Sevilla_(province)">Sevilla (province)</a>, <a href="/term/Spain">Spain</a><br><a href="/term/4_August">4 August</a> <a href="/term/1881">1881</a></td><td>&minus;55.0 °C (&minus;67.0 °F)<br>Ust-Shchugor, <a href="/term/Russia">Russia</a><br>January (no exact date available)</td></tr><p>

<tr><th><a href="/term/Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td><div class="floatright"><span><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Puncak_Jaya_icecap_1972.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="71" alt="100px" title="100px" /></span></div>4,884 metres (16,023 feet)<br><a href="/term/Carstensz_Pyramid">Carstensz Pyramid</a> (Puncak Jaya), <a href="/term/New_Guinea">New Guinea</a></td><td><a href="/term/Sea_level">Sea level</a></td><td>42 °C (108 °F)<br><a href="/term/Tuguegarao">Tuguegarao</a>, <a href="/term/Philippines">Philippines</a><br><a href="/term/29_April">29 April</a> <a href="/term/1912">1912</a><br><br>42.4 °C (108.3 °F)<br><a href="/term/Awatere_River">Awatere Valley</a> and <a href="/term/Rangiora,_New_Zealand">Rangiora</a>, <a href="/term/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a><br><a href="/term/7_February">7 February</a> <a href="/term/1973">1973</a></td><td>&minus;21.6 °C (&minus;6.9 °F)<br>Ophir, <a href="/term/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a><br><a href="/term/3_July">3 July</a> <a href="/term/1995">1995</a></td></tr><p>

<tr><td colspan="5" align="center"><strong>Bold</strong> entries are Earth-wide extremes.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" align="center"> *: The temperature of 53.1 °C (128.0 °F) was recorded under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official. The highest temperature in Australia recorded under standard exposure conditions is 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) on <a href="/term/2_January">2 January</a> <a href="/term/1960">1960</a> in <a href="/term/Oodnadatta,_South_Australia">Oodnadatta, South Australia</a>. &#091;<a href="http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2003/s1015670.htm" target="_blank">Transcript of report on the highest temperature</a>&#093;.</td> </tr> </table>
<br>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr><th>Greatest purely vertical drop</th><td><div class="floatright"><span><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="65" alt="100px" title="100px" /></span></div>1,250 metres (4,100 feet)<br><a href="/term/Mount_Thor">Mount Thor</a>, <a href="/term/Auyuittuq_National_Park">Auyuittuq National Park</a>, <a href="/term/Baffin_Island">Baffin Island</a>, <a href="/term/Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/term/Canada">Canada</a></td></tr>
<tr><th>Greatest nearly vertical drop</th><td><div class="floatright"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Trango_Towers_Pakistan.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://encycl.opentopia.com/enimages/thumb/737/736240/100px-Trango_Towers_Pakistan.jpg" class="image" width="100" height="134" alt="100px" title="100px" /></a></span></div>1,340 metres (4,400 ft)<br><a href="/term/Great_Trango_Tower">Great Trango Tower</a>, <a href="/term/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (summit elevation 6,286 metres/20,608 feet)</td></tr>
</table>
<br>
See also <a href="/term/List_of_mountains">List of mountains</a> and <a href="/term/Seven_Summits">Seven Summits</a>.<p>

<a name="Subterranea" id="Subterranea"></a><h3>Subterranea</h3><p>

<table class="wikitable">
<tr><th>Deepest cave</th><td>2,140 metres (7,021 feet)<br><a href="/term/Voronya_Cave">Voronya Cave</a>, Arabika Massif, West <a href="/term/Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/term/Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> region</td></tr>
<tr><th>Deepest <a href="/term/Pitch_(vertical_space)">pitch</a> (single vertical drop)</th><td>603 metres (1,978 feet)<br>Vrtoglavica Cave, <a href="/term/Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td></tr>
</table><p>

See also <a href="/term/List_of_caves">List of caves</a>.<p>

<a name="Greatest_oceanic_depths" id="Greatest_oceanic_depths"></a><h2>Greatest oceanic depths</h2><p>

<table class="wikitable">
<tr><th><a href="/term/Atlantic_Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td>8,648 metres (28,374 feet)<br><a href="/term/Milwaukee_Deep">Milwaukee Deep</a>, <a href="/term/Puerto_Rico_Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="/term/Arctic_Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td>5,450 metres (17,881 feet)<br>Litke Deep, Eurasia Basin</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="/term/Indian_Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td>8,047 metres (26,401 feet)<br>Diamantina Deep, <a href="/term/Diamantina_Trench">Diamantina Trench</a>, South East Indian Basin</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="/term/Mediterranean_Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></th><td>5,267 metres (17,280 feet)<br>Calypso Deep, Ionian Basin</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="/term/Pacific_Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td><strong>10,924 metres (35,840 feet)<br><a href="/term/Challenger_Deep">Challenger Deep</a>, <a href="/term/Mariana_Trench">Mariana Trench</a></strong></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="/term/Southern_Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></th><td>7,235 metres (23,690 feet)<br><a href="/term/South_Sandwich_Trench">South Sandwich Trench</a> (southernmost portion, at 60°S)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><strong>Bold</strong> entry is an Earth-wide extreme.</td></tr>
</table><p>

<a name="Coldest_and_hottest_inhabited_places_on_Earth" id="Coldest_and_hottest_inhabited_places_on_Earth"></a><h2>Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth</h2><p>

<table class="wikitable">
<tr><th> Hottest inhabited place</th><td><a href="/term/Dallol,_Ethiopia">Dallol, Ethiopia</a> average temperature is 34 °C (93.2 °F) </td>
<tr><th> Coldest inhabited place</th><td><a href="/term/Eureka,_Nunavut">Eureka, Nunavut</a>, <a href="/term/Canada">Canada</a> daily average temperature is &minus;19.7 °C (&minus;3.46 °F)  <ref>&#091;<a href="http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?Province=ALL&StationName=Eureka&SearchType=BeginsWith&LocateBy=Province&Proximity=25&ProximityFrom=City&StationNumber=&IDType=MSC&CityName=&ParkName=&LatitudeDegrees=&LatitudeMinutes=&LongitudeDegrees=&LongitudeMinutes=&NormalsClass=A&SelNormals=&StnId=1750&" target="_blank">Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 - Eureka</a>&#093;</ref></td>
</table><p>

<a name="Northern_and_southernmost_points_of_land_on_Earth" id="Northern_and_southernmost_points_of_land_on_Earth"></a><h2>Northern and southernmost points of land on Earth</h2><p>

<table class="wikitable">
<tr><th> Northernmost point on Earth</th><td><a href="/term/Kaffeklubben_Island">Kaffeklubben Island</a>, east of <a href="/term/Greenland">Greenland</a> (<span class="plainlinksneverexpand">&#091;<a href="http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=83_40_N_29_50_W_" target="_blank">83°40′N 29°50′W</a>&#093;</span>)<br>Various shifting <a href="/term/Gravel_bar">gravel bar</a>s lie further north, the most famous being <a href="/term/Oodaaq">Oodaaq</a></td>
<tr><th> Southernmost point on Earth</th><td>The geographic South Pole</td></tr>
</table><p>

<a name="Northern_and_southernmost_capitals_in_the_world" id="Northern_and_southernmost_capitals_in_the_world"></a><h2>Northern and southernmost capitals in the world</h2><p>

<table class="wikitable">
<tr><th> Northernmost capital on Earth<td><a href="/term/Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, <a href="/term/Iceland">Iceland</a> <span class="plainlinksneverexpand">&#091;<a href="http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=64_08_N_21_56_W_" target="_blank">64°08′N 21°56′W</a>&#093;</span>
<tr><th> Southernmost capital on Earth<td><a href="/term/Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/term/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a> <span class="plainlinksneverexpand">&#091;<a href="http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=41_17_19_S_174_46_37_E_type:city(370,000)_region:NZ" target="_blank"><span style="white-space:nowrap">41°17′19″S</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">174°46′37″E</span></a>&#093;</span>
</table><p>

<a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a><h2>See also</h2><p>

<ul><li><a href="/term/Extreme_points_of_the_world">Extreme points of the world</a></li></ul>
<a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a><h2>External links</h2>
<ul><li>&#091;<a href="http://home.comcast.net/~igpl/Oceans.html" target="_blank">The Oceans of the Earth</a>&#093;</li><li>&#091;<a href="http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm" target="_blank">Extreme Temperatures Around the World</a>&#093;</li></ul>
<a name="References" id="References"></a><h2>References</h2>
<div class="references-small"><references/></div><p>

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