Flag terminology
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The design and description of flags typically uses specialised flag terminology with precise and technical meanings, and is hence a form of jargon.
Description of standard flag parts and terms
- Badge – a coat of arms or simple heraldic symbol, such as a shield.
- Canton – any quarter of a flag, but commonly means the upper left (hoist) quarter, such as the field of stars in the flag of the United States or the Union Flag in the Australian Flag.
- Charge – a figure or symbol appearing in the field of a flag.
- Emblem – a device often used as a charge on a flag. It may be heraldic in origin or modern, for example the maple leaf on the Canadian Flag.
- Field – the background of a flag; the colour behind the charges.
- Fimbriation – a narrow edging or border, often in white or gold, on a flag to separate two other colours.
- Fly – the half or edge of a flag furthest away from the flagpole. This term also sometimes refers to the horizontal length of a flag.
- Hoist – the half or edge of a flag nearest to the flagpole. This term also sometimes refers to the vertical width of a flag.
- Length – the span of a flag along the side at right angles to the flagpole.
- Width – the span of a flag down the side parallel to the flagpole.
Basic patterns in flags
Techniques in flag display
- Hoist – the act or function of raising a flag, as on a rope.
- Half Staff – a style of flag display in which the flag is hoisted to half of the potential height of the available flag pole. Usually this is done by first raising the flag to the top, then lowering it halfway. (Equally valid 'half-masting' is flying the flag at two-thirds of its normal height.) This usually denotes distress or a show of grief, such as mourning a death.
- Half Mast – same as Half Staff. The use of 'mast' suggests naval use, but typically the two terms are interchangeable.
- Distress – flying the flag upside-down.
Vexillogical symbols
A vexillological symbol is used by vexillologists to indicate certain characteristics of national flags, such as where they are used, who uses them, and what they look like. The set of symbols described in this article are known as international flag identification symbols, which were devised by Whitney Smith.Illustrations
Flag illustrations generally depict flags flying from the observer's point of view from left to right, the view known as the obverse; the other side is the reverse. Animals and beasts should always appear with the heads facing the flag-staff side.
Some countries use a single flag design as a national flag for all purposes. Other countries may use two or more flags for different purposes but all serving as the national flags. Vexillologists categorise such flags as:
Civil flag – Flown by citizens on land.State flag – Flown on public buildings. War flag – Flown on military buildings. Civil ensign – Flown on private vessels (fishing craft, cruise ships, yachts, etc). State ensign – Flown on unarmed government vessels. War ensign – Flown on warships.
Other symbols
Other symbols are used to describe how a flag looks, such as whether it has a different design on each side, or if it is hung vertically, etc. These are the symbols in general use:
| Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side |
| Design was proposed in the past, but never officially adopted |
| Design is a reconstruction, based on past observations |
| Reverse side of flag |
| Design is an acceptable variant |
| Alternate version of flag |
| De facto version of flag |
| Flag has different designs on its obverse side and its reverse side |
| Obverse side meant to be hoisted with pole to the observer's right |
| Design officially authorized to represent nation by government of that nation |
| Design used in the past, but now abandoned (this symbol is not part of Smith's original set) |
| Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side |
| Reverse side is congruent to obverse side |
| Information on reverse side is not available |
| Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole ninety degrees |
| Flag can be hung vertically by rotating the design first |
| Vertical hoist method of flag is unknown |
| Design has no element which can be rotated |
| Flag can only be hoisted vertically |
See also
External links
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