Football War
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The Football War, was a 5 day war fought by El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. It had little to do with football, instead being caused by political differences between Hondurans and Salvadorans, including immigration from El Salvador to Honduras.
Context
The social situation in both countries in the run-up to the war was explosive, and their military governments were looking for a convenient cause towards which to direct their nationals' political concerns. National media in both countries encouraged hatred towards citizens of the other, eventually provoking the expulsion from Honduras of thousands of Salvadoran labourers, including both temporary harvest workers and longer-term settlers.
This general rise in tensions ultimately led to a military conflict that served to direct the attention of the citizenry of both countries outward rather than in on their own internal affairs, leaving both armies rearmed, and destroying the Central American economic integration that had been expressed in the Central American Common Market (Mercado Común Centroamericano or MCE), under whose trade rules the richer Salvadoran economy gained much ground relative to Honduras.
Rich landowners controlled the majority of farmable land in El Salvador, which over time resulted in the migration of poor peasants to the border regions of El Salvador and Honduras.
In 1969, Honduras decided to redistribute the land to Honduran peasants, thereby evicting the Salvadoran peasants who had lived on the land for generations. This triggered a mass return of peasants to El Salvador resulting in social upheaval as social conservatives in El Salvador were concerned that the returning peasants would strengthen calls for land reform, and military leaders were concerned that if the peasant demands for reform were not met guerrilla movements would arise.
The War
These existing tensions between the two countries were inflamed by rioting during the second North American qualifying round for the 1970 FIFA World Cup. On July 14, 1969, the Salvadoran army launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States negotiated a cease-fire which took effect on July 20, with the Salvadoran troops withdrawn in early August.
Eleven years later the two nations signed a peace treaty on October 30, 1980 to put the border dispute before the International Court of Justice.
Football results
- June 6 1969, Tegucigalpa: Honduras 1 - 0 El Salvador (0-0 at halftime)
- June 15 1969, San Salvador: El Salvador 3 - 0 Honduras (HT: 3-0)
- A playoff match on June 27 1969, Mexico: El Salvador 3 - 2 Honduras after extra time (HT: 1-2, FT: 2-2).
Results of the war
- Essentially both sides 'lost' the war; neither gained a decisive military victory and the death toll of approximately 2000 was shared approximately equally between the two.
- The war led to a 12-year suspension of the Central American Common Market, a regional integration project that had been set up by the United States largely as a means of counteracting the effects of the Cuban Revolution.
- The political power of the military in both countries was reinforced. In the Salvadoran legislative elections that followed, candidates from the governing National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional, PCN), were largely drawn from the ranks of the military. Having apologised for their role in the conflict, they proved very successful in elections both at the national and local levels.
- The social situation worsened in El Salvador as the government proved unable to satisfy the economic needs of citizens deported from Honduras. The resulting social unrest was one of the causes of the civil war in El Salvador that followed.
The War in the Air
The war is often cited as the last occasion on which piston engined fighters fought each other - both sides deploying former World War II American types. P-51 Mustangs, F4U Corsairs, T-28 Trojans and even Douglas DC-3s converted into bombers saw action. The Salvadoran Air Force was so out of shape that they reverted to dropping bombs by hand from the windows of their planes.References
- Skidmore, T., and Smith, P. (2001) Modern Latin America (5th edition). New York: Oxford University Press: pg.343
Further reading
Ryszard Kapuściński, a Polish journalist, wrote a book called Wojna futbolowa (published as The Soccer War in the United States) in 1978 on his experiences of this conflict.External links
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