French in Canada

Encyclopedia : F : FR : FRE : French in Canada

French is the mother tongue of about 6.7 million Canadians (23% of the Canadian population) [link]. While most native French speakers live in Quebec, where it is the majority language, about one million native Francophones live in other provinces, forming significant minorities with French-language supporting institutions, in the provinces of Ontario, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.

French is one of Canada's two official languages at the federal level; the other is English and is the language of the majority. French is also the sole official language in Quebec, while it is co-official with English in New Brunswick. Where numbers justify the situation, the federal government provides services in both official languages throughout the country. In addition, all senior management positions in the federal government have a bilingualism requirement by agreement with the PSAC (union of federal civil servants) offers extensive language training services to the civil service. The provincial governments of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba also provide service in the French language where numbers warrant. In the cases of Ontario and New Brunswick, the provincial services include government-funded education. This has sometimes been a politically sensitive issue, not because of the cost, but because the French-language schools are largely parochial schools run by the Catholic Church.

Contents

1 French dialects in Canada
2 The language across Canada

2.1 Quebec
2.2 Atlantic Canada
2.3 Ontario
2.4 Prairies
2.5 Northern Territories

3 French-speaking communities in Canada outside of Quebec
4 See also

French dialects in Canada

As a consequence of geographical and political/historical (British Conquest) isolation, the French language in Canada presents three distinct dialects (distinct from French in Europe, but also among each other within Canada):

Quebec French (/Canadian French) is spoken mainly in Quebec, but also by French-speaking communities in Ontario, Western Canada, Labrador and even in the New England region of the USA.
Acadian French is spoken by the Acadians in the Canadian Maritimes and some parts of Quebec and Newfoundland. It is an ancestor of Cajun French.
Newfoundland French is spoken by a few people in Newfoundland. It is an endangered dialect.

Note that the term Canadian French (as used by persons outside Canada) usually refers to only to Quebec French (the most widely spoken dialect), and not the French language as it is spoken elsewhere in Canada, as the other Canadian dialects have little international visibility (excepting Acadian among American francophones). Quebeckers prefer to say Quebec French, Acadians prefer to say Acadian French or Canadian French, while Francophones of other provinces might prefer to say Canadian French. It is just a question of identity, not a difference in meaning. The three dialects can be historically associated with three of the five former colonies of New France, respectively Canada, Acadia and Terre Neuve (Newfoundland).

Acadian French, Quebec French and Newfoundland French are not Old French – a much earlier ancestor that spanned 1000 to 1300 CE and, in many ways, resembled Latin. The origins of these dialects of French in Canada actually lie in the 17th and 18th century regional varieties of early Modern French, also known as Classical French, and of other Oïl languages (Norman, Picard, etc.) that French colonists brought to New France.

Also, Michif is a mixed language based on Cree and Quebec French.

The language across Canada

Quebec

Quebec is the only province whose sole official language is French. However, many of the services it provides are available in English for the important anglophone population of the province (i.e. Montréal). Quebec French is noticeably different in pronunciation and vocabulary, though easily mutually comprehensible, with Metropolitan French in France. This is due to the long history of French in North America and the fact that French immigrants to New France kept speaking the French of the Ancien régime while in France the French Revolution led to the standardization of bourgeois Parisian French. Today, 81.4 percent of Quebecers or Québécois are francophone.[link] Different regions of Quebec have their own style, due to their isolation for many years: Gaspé Peninsula, North Coast, Quebec City, Outaouais and Abitibi have clear differences in choice of words and pronunciation, based on culture, lifestyle and origins.

The Outaouais region is located near Ottawa. French speaking people will use english words and deviations. You will find phrases like:

"Tooter de la horn": To toot the horn.
"Se faire couper les cheveux bawled": To get a bald head haircut.

In eastern regions, the pronunciation is the greatest differenciator. Some french Montrealers (Montreal) will find funny a french person from Magdalen Islands.

Atlantic Canada

French is one of the two official languages of the province of New Brunswick. Apart from Québec, this is the only other Canadian province that recognizes French as an official language. Approximately one-third of New Brunswickers are francophone [link], the largest Acadian population in Canada. Most commonly known as Acadian French, the variety of French spoken in Atlantic Canada possesses features different from Québécois French. It also has speakers in the provinces of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Acadian French is historically related to Cajun French.

Although not traditionally associated with Acadia, the Magdalen Islands, an archipelago of 9 small islands belonging to Québec, also have historical ties with Acadian French.

In Acadia, French is a minority language. In some communities, it is an endangered language.

Ontario

Although French is the native language of just over half a million Canadians in Ontario, francophone Ontarians represent only 4.4 percent of the province's population and are concentrated near the border with Quebec (Eastern Ontario) and in Sudbury. Nonetheless, they are also present in smaller numbers throughout the province as well. However, a third of Franco-Ontarians no longer speak the language at home.

The province has no official language, although it is a largely English-speaking province. Ontario law requires that the provincial Legislative Assembly operate in both English and French (individuals can speak in the Assembly in the official language of their choice), and requires that all provincial statutes and bills be made available in English and French. Furthermore, an individual is entitled to communicate with the head or central office of any provincial government department or agency in French, and an individual is entitled to receive all government services in French in 23 designated areas in the province. The provincial government of Ontario's website is bilingual.

Prairies

Manitoba also has a significant Franco-Manitoban community, centred especially in the St. Boniface area of Winnipeg, but also in many surrounding villages. The provincial government of Manitoba boasts the only bilingual website of the Prairies; the Canadian constitution makes French an official language in Manitoba for the Legislature and Courts. Saskatchewan also has a Fransaskois community, as does Alberta with its Franco-Albertans. British-Columbia, on the other hand, hosts only a small francophone population, the Franco-Columbians.

Although not a dialect of French, Michif, a unique mixed language based on Cree and French, is spoken by a small number of Métis living mostly in the province of Manitoba.

Northern Territories

French is an official language in each of the three northern territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

French-speaking communities in Canada outside of Quebec

Franco-Ontarians
Franco-Manitobans
Fransaskois (in Saskatchewan)
Franco-Albertans
Franco-Columbians
Acadians (in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island)
Franco-Terreneuvians