French navy
Encyclopedia : F : FR : FRE : French navy
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The French Navy (Marine Nationale) is the maritime arm of the French military and the largest Western European navy in terms of personnel. It consists of a full range of vessels, from patrol boats to guided missile frigates, one nuclear aircraft carrier and four strategic missile submarines (SNLEs).
The current Navy aircraft carrier is the Charles De Gaulle (Normally, the French Navy operates two carriers, but only one of the latest generation has been built as of yet).
The Navy is organised in five branches:
- The "Force d'Action Navale" ("Naval Action Force"), surface fleet
- The "Forces Sous-marines" ("Submarine forces"), strategic nuclear deterrent fleet
- The "Aviation Navale" ("Naval air force"), ground and sea-based planes and helicopters
- The "Fusiliers de Marine" ("Naval fusiliers", ground forces used to secure naval installations) and "Commandos de Marine" (amphibious assault and other special operations), collectively known as FORFUSCO.
- The "Gendarmerie Navale", police operations and coast guard
Ranks of the National Navy
The following are the ranks of the French National Navy. Firstly, the proper French term is used, with an English translation that follows the Royal Navy/Canadian Navy ranking systems.
Officers
- Amiral = Admiral
- Vice-amiral d'escadre = Vice Admiral
- Vice-amiral = Rear Admiral
- Contre-amiral = Commodore
- Capitaine de vaisseau = Captain
- Capitaine de frégate = Commander
- Capitaine de corvette = Lieutenant Commander
- Lieutenant de vaisseau = Lieutenant
- Enseigne de vaisseau de première classe = Sub Lieutenant
- Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe = Acting Sub Lieutenant
- Aspirant = Midshipman
Majors
- Major = Warrant Officer
Officiers mariniers / Non-commissioned Officers
- Maître principal = Chief Petty Officer First Class
- Premier maître = Chief Petty Officer Second Class
- Maître = Petty Officer First Class
- Second-maître = Petty Officer Second Class
Militaires du rang (équipage)- Non-Commissioned Members
- Quartier-maître de première classe = Leading Seaman
- Quartier-maître de deuxième classe = Able Seaman
- Matelot breveté = Ordinary Seaman
History
The French navy is affectionately known as La Royale ("the Royal"), for its traditional attachment to the French monarchy, but the navy did not sport the royal titles common with other European navies like the British Royal Navy.
For more on the navy's history go to History of the French Navy.
French Naval Officers
Some of the greatest heroes of the First Republic were in the French Navy including:A list of other important French naval officers:
- Pierre-Charles Villeneuve - commander of the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar
- Admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse
- Vice-Admiral Edouard Jacques Burgues de Missiessy
- Admiral Charles Baudin
Technological innovations (19th century)
During the 19th century the French Navy, eager to challenge British naval supremacy, took a leadership role in many areas of warship development, with the introduction of new technologies:
- France led the development of shell guns for the Navy, with its invention by Henri-Joseph Paixhans
- In 1850, Le Napoléon became the first steam-powered battleship in history.
- La Gloire became the first seagoing ironclad in history when she was launched in 1853.
- In 1863, the French Navy launched Plongeur, the first submarine in the world to be propelled by mechanical power.
- In 1876, the Redoutable became the first steel-hulled warship ever.
Her conceptual and technological edge proved attractive to the newly industrializing Japan, when the French engineer Emile Bertin was invited for four years to design a new fleet for the Imperial Japanese Navy, which led to her success in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894.
The motto of the French Navy is "Honneur, Patrie, Valeur, Discipline" ("Honour, Homeland, Valour, Discipline"). These word are found on the deck of every ship of the Navy.
World War II
At the outset of the war, the French Navy participated in a number of operations against the Axis Powers, patrolling the Atlantic and bombarding Genoa. The French surrender and its armistice terms, however, completely changed the situation: the French fleet immediately withdrew from the fight.The British perceived the French fleet as a potentially lethal threat, should the French become formal enemies or, more likely, should the German Kriegsmarine gain control. It was essential that they should be put out of action. Some vessels were in British-controlled ports in Britain or Egypt and these were either persuaded to re-join the Allies as Free French ships or were boarded and disarmed.
The bulk of the fleet, however, was in Dakar or Mers-el-Kebir. The Royal Navy delivered an ultimatum but, when agreement proved impossible, they opened fire and sunk or damaged much of the French fleet (Operation Catapult} on 3 July 1940. The action soured Anglo-French relations and inhibited further defections to the Allies.
In November, 1942, the Allies invaded French North Africa. In response, the Germans occupied (Case Anton) Vichy France, including the French naval port of Toulon, where the main part of the surviving French fleet lay. This was a major German objective and forces under SS command had been detailed to capture them (Operation Lila). French naval authorities were divided on their response: Amiral Jean de Laborde, the commander of the Forces de Haute Mer (the High Seas Fleet) advocated sailing to attack the Allied invasion fleet while others, such as the Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Contre-Amiral Auphan favoured joining the Allies. On several warships, there were spontaneous demonstrations in favour of sailing with the Allies, chanting "Vive de Gaulle! Appareillage!".
The orders to French commanders to scuttle their ships in case of an attempted take-over had been reinforced, however, and, often despite the presence of German troops, this was done. No capital ships and few others were taken in reparable condition. [link]
Following this, more French moved to the Allies, including ships interned in Egypt, and there were French warships supporting the landings in southern France (Operation Dragoon) and Normandy (Operation Neptune).
French Navy Today
The French Navy is undertaking a significant reinforcement, both in modernising and in number, under the Projet de loi de programmation militaire 2003-2008 ("Military programme law project 2003-2008")[link] , which notably calls for:
- A second aircraft carrier to be delivered before 2015, the start of a scheduled repair and maintenance period for the nuclear powered Charles De Gaulle. The new carrier will be built in cooperation with a British program for two 65,000 ton conventionally-powered aircraft carriers, with alterations to best fit French needs and better benefit from French construction capabilities.
- 2 Horizon units that are now under construction;
- 17 FREMM multipurpose frigates - 8 should be ordered between 2003 and 2008, the first commissioning being expected for 2008.
- 6 nuclear attack submarines of the Barracuda class - the first commissioning being expected for 2017
- New models of the successful Exocet missile
- MBDA Aster and SYLVER launcher systems for anti-missile/anti-air defence
- Cruise missiles (the naval or submarine SCALP EG)
Customs
Prefixes
The French Navy does not use prefixes (like the Royal Navy for instance). Foreign commentators sometimes use the prefixes "FS" (for "French Ship") or FNS (for "French Navy Ship"); these are however not official.Gallery
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See also
External links
- [Official site]
- [Alabordache] French Navy
- [French Fleet Air Arm] French Naval Aviation
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