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George Lincoln Rockwell

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George Lincoln Rockwell (March 9, 1918 - August 25, 1967) was a U.S. Naval Commander and founder of the American Nazi Party.[link] Rockwell was a major figure in the National Socialist movement in post-war America; and his beliefs and writings are still influential among White Nationalists and Neo-nazis today.

Contents

Biography

Early life

Rockwell was born in Bloomington, Illinois, the oldest of three children. His father, George Lovejoy Rockwell, was of English and Scottish descent and his mother, Claire Schade Rockwell´s background was German and French. Both parents were vaudeville comedians and actors. Some of his father's friends in entertainment included Fred Allen, Benny Goodman, Walter Winchell, Jack Benny, and Groucho Marx.[link] Rockwell would later claim he acquired his skills in speaking and playing to crowds from his early upbringing. His parents were divorced when Rockwell was six. This led to his youth being split between his mother's family in Atlantic City, New Jersey and his father's family in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Here, he developed a passion for sailing and fishing.

At age ten, Rockwell fought a gang of kids who were determined to throw him into the ocean during a hazing incident. Rockwell was the 'new kid' and the gang of toughs had planned to dunk him as they had done to all the new kids in the past. Rockwell refused to accept his fate and fought them with all of his might. The gang, with bruises and bites, gave up and let Rockwell go. The following day one of his adversaries would beat him, one-on-one, in a fist fight at school. Rockwell later said this was a significant episode in his life and made him into the person who refused to accept fear and would fight even when faced with overwhelming odds. [link]

Rockwell attended Atlantic City High School in New Jersey for four years, where many of his school friends were Jewish or Black. He apparently got along well with his classmates. It wasn't until later that his "hatred of organized Jewry" would appear.[link] He failed to graduate in his senior year at Atlantic City High, due to a conflict he had with an instructor's method of teaching. He finally graduated from a high school the following year in Providence, Rhode Island.

College and ideas

Rockwell applied to Harvard but failed to get in, since his school records from Atlantic City were never received at the university. He had another 'free year', and his father decided to send his son to a boarding school, Hebron Academy, near Lewiston, Maine. While at the academy, Rockwell had something of an intellectual transformation. Here, for the first time, he began to read philosophy and 'socially significant' novels. He was impressed by the logic of Schopenhauer, but disturbed by such novels as Sinclair Lewis' Arrowsmith. Rockwell concluded these novels led people by emotion and not reason. At the time he did not fully understand the impact of such novels, but would later see them as left wing and communist propaganda.[link]

His intellectual explorations led him to reexamine religion. In the past he thought of himself as being "highly religious," but after rereading the Bible he declared himself to be an atheist. Later, he reversed his non-religious views. He began to see religion not as an 'opiate of the masses,' but instead a necessary pillar of civilization. Upon further reflection, he contemplated the possibility of a "total intelligence" existing somewhere in the universe and thought a better description of his view to be agnostic. Although in his later years, he would often equate himself with Saint Paul and help to promote the denomination of Christian Identity, in hopes of inspiring devout Christians to join his crusade.

In 1938 Rockwell entered Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island and majored in philosophy . In his sociology courses at Brown, Rockwell rebelled against the idea that man was made by his environment or that all human beings had the same potential in life. Rockwell instinctively rejected the concept of equality although, at the time, he had no personal philosophy or ideology to support his beliefs. Among his fellow students, he discussed ideas and argued in endless 'bull sessions', particularly over topics such as social themes in popular novels. He realized he was taking the 'conservative' position in nearly every argument against his 'liberal' opponents. Here he learned the art of controversy and the tactics of debate.

Military

In his sophomore year Rockwell was convinced, as were others, that it was only a matter of time until America would be at war with Hitler's Germany. He decided to leave Brown University and join the U. S. Navy to stop this "horrible ogre" who "planned to conquer America."[link]

Rockwell appreciated the order and discipline of the United States Navy and felt a sense of pride in being an American. In 1940 he was sent to flight school in Massachusetts and Florida. After getting his flight wings he was shipped off to Norfolk, Virginia. While in transit on the USS Pastores Rockwell had to put down a race riot that occurred between white southerners and Blacks who were placed in the same sleeping quarters. The solution Rockwell and the other officers used to stop the rioting was to separate the two groups of men. Due to losing a coin toss, Rockwell ended up leading the Black sailors while another officer took charge of the white southerners.

During the war, Blacks were segregated in the Navy and Rockwell apparently was not hostile toward them. On VJ Day, when the war ended with America's victory over Japan, he gave a bottle of champagne to some Black sailors for the celebration. In time, Rockwell's attitudes toward Blacks would change, seeing them as inferior to whites. Rockwell would later call for a total separation of Blacks and whites as a solution to America's race problems. He wanted to enact President Abraham Lincoln's and Black nationalist Marcus Garvey's program of repatriation to Africa. When the armed forces were integrated in 1948, Rockwell predicted that morale among American servicemen would never be as great as it was during the war.

Rockwell served in the South Atlantic aboard the USS Omaha looking for enemy subs. Rockwell flew old Curtiss biplanes which were launched by aircraft catapults from the Omaha. Off the coast of Africa, Rockwell helped in the sinking of two Axis subs when he was part of a carrier killer group.

On April 24, 1943, Rockwell married Judy Aultman, who he had met while attending Brown University. Miss Aultman was a student at Pembroke—the female half of Brown.

After his marriage, Rockwell studied at the Navy's aerial photography school in Florida. Upon completing his training, he served in the Pacific. His most notable action being the coordinating of air support in the retaking of Guam.

Career

After the war ended, Rockwell decided to become a commercial artist. He applied to the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York and was accepted for the following year. To make ends meet Rockwell and his wife moved to Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Here, in the spring of 1946 he built a photography studio and found work painting commercial signs. Later that year they moved to New York City where Rockwell started his studies at Pratt.

During this time, Rockwell began to notice people of mixed racial heritage. Rockwell was repelled by people he called "human scum" and remembered one of his classmates at Pratt being a "Chinese Jewish Negro with red hair and freckles." [link] In high school Rockwell was surrounded by racial minorities, but they appeared to be distinct racial groups. Here, he was confronted with what he feared would be the future of America.

While at Pratt, Rockwell was introduced to the modern art movement. He considered half of his instructors to be real artists and the other half to be "gross charlatans." For a time he played along with his instructors who were promoting the new art form. Once he created a monstrosity of a painting as an act of mockery and presented it to his teacher. Rockwell received a grade of 'B' for his work. Rockwell began to see modern art as something foreign—'Communist' would be the word he would place upon it even though he did not fully understand the significance of his label. Also, he saw Jews as promoters of the movement and mistakenly believed cubist Pablo Picasso was Jewish.

Rockwell nevertheless decided to pursue a career as a commercial artist. In 1948 he won the first prize of $1000 for an ad he did for the American Cancer Society. The contest was sponsored by the National Society of Illustrators in New York.[link] Rockwell left Pratt before finishing his final year and started an advertising agency in Maine.

Rockwell's career as a commercial artist was interrupted when he was recalled to duty as a Lieutenant Commander at the start of the Korean War. He moved his wife and two children to San Diego, California where he trained Navy and Marine pilots in close air support tactics.

Extremist politics

It was during his time in San Diego when Rockwell began to pay close attention to politics. Rockwell was influenced by the radio broadcasts of Senator Joseph McCarthy's stance against Communism and supported General Douglas MacArthur's Republican candidacy for President of the United States. For the duration of his life, Rockwell maintained an admiration for both Senator McCarthy and General MacArthur. Rockwell adopted the corncob pipe following MacArthur's example. Rockwell would also take it upon himself to make numerous visits to McCarthy's grave and hometown of Appleton, Wisconsin.

Rockwell began to move away from conservative Republican positions and toward political extremism. He attended a Gerald L.K. Smith rally in Los Angeles, and read Common Sense, a political newspaper that introduced him to anti-Semitism and the so-called "Jewish Question." He read Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf and the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion," and instantly adopted National Socialist beliefs.

Rockwell began to believe in a Jewish conspiracy consisting of three different political movements. One was Communism founded by Karl Marx with the intent of "organizing the biologically inferior...into a ruthless war of extermination against the elite." The other was Zionism inspired by Theodore Herzl; with the purpose of establishing a Jewish political state in Palestine. The third, were Jewish Capitalists who he claimed helped to finance the two movements and undermined the financial health of the American republic.[link]

Rockwell became a 'secret Nazi' and published an Animal Farm type of parody, "The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens."[link] This was Rockwell's interpretation of Jewish power in twentieth century America. In 1952 Rockwell began working with preexisting anti-semitic and anti-communist groups. That year he attended the American Nationalist Conference which was formed by Conde McGinley’s Christian Educational Association. This group viewed Communism as a political expression of Judaism.

Iceland

In 1952 Rockwell was ordered to report to Norfolk, Virginia. Upon arrival, Rockwell was told his next post would be Iceland. Since families were not permitted to be with the Americans stationed in that country, his wife and children moved in with her mother in Barrington, Rhode Island. After a few months in Iceland, Rockwell returned to his family in Rhode Island. It was a miserable reunion and it seemed evident his marriage would soon end. A short time later, Rockwell and his wife were divorced, on the agreement of a pledged alimony payment, which he would spend the rest of his life trying to raise.

After several months upon his return to Iceland, Rockwell attended a diplomatic party in Reykjavík, Iceland's capital. At the party Rockwell met Thora Hallgrimsson, who would become the new love in his life and eventually his wife. Rockwell told Thora about his political beliefs and that he would either be a "bum or a great man." [link] They were married on October 3, 1953, in the Icelandic National Cathedral by Thora's uncle who was the Bishop of Iceland. The couple honeymooned in Berchtesgaden, Germany, where Hitler had his mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps.

Publishing

Upon returning a second time to civilian life, Rockwell saw a business opportunity in starting a new magazine that would appeal to United States servicemen's wives. In September 1955, he launched the publication U. S. Lady. After presenting the idea to generals and admirals who headed public relations departments for the various military services, Rockwell began his publication efforts in Washington DC. The new enterprise would also incorporate Rockwell's political causes: his opposition to both racial integration and communism. Rockwell financed the operation through stock sales and subscriptions. With a staff of 30, Rockwell could only promise to pay his employees before the successful launch of the first issue. The publication continued to have financial troubles and Rockwell would later sell his interest in the magazine.

However, Rockwell still hoped to become a publisher. This time he envisioned a national newspaper based in Washington DC to be called The Conservative Times with the expressed purpose of uniting the right-wing. Advertisements were placed on conservative radio programs and meetings were held in the Washington area.

Keeping with his 'secret Nazi' approach, Rockwell would criticize those in his group who expressed a 'disgusting display of prejudice' toward Jews. While appearing to be politically conservative, Rockwell's strategy at the time was to "sneak up on the Jews," create a powerful movement and then turn on them. He thus formed the American Federation of Conservative Organizations which attempted to conceal its anti-Semitism.

For a while, Rockwell worked for William F. Buckley Jr. and promoted his magazine National Review among conservative college students. Later, Rockwell decided conservatives were "human ostriches," who would never take a stand against his enemy: the Jews. Rockwell failed to start his conservative newspaper or the right-wing unity organization he envisioned.

Nazi Rockwell

In July of 1958, Rockwell decided to cross his "River Rubicon" by picketing in front of the White House with a placard which read, "SAVE IKE FROM THE KIKES!" to protest President Eisenhower's decision to send troops into the Middle East. The president's action was designed to prop up Lebanon's pro-Israeli government. Rockwell was opposed to this intervention.

Rockwell's activism became known to other white extremists. One day he received a large package in the mail from one of his supporters which contained an eighteen foot long swastika flag. He placed the flag on the wall of his home and made an altar with Adolf Hitler's photo in the center lighted with three candles in front. According to his autobiography, Rockwell claimed to have had a religious experience and swore allegiance to his leader, saluting him "Heil Hitler!". [link]

Rockwell and a few supporters fashioned themselves some uniforms; armed themselves with rifles and revolvers; and began to parade about his home on Williams Street in Arlington, Virginia.[link] The window to his home was left open showing the huge swastika flag. People would gawk, throw stones, and stare in amazement at the Nazis in the Washington area. Drew Pearson wrote a news column about the new Nazi leader and gave Rockwell his first bit of publicity.

Formation of the American Nazi Party

In March 1959, Rockwell formed the World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists, a name apparently chosen to imply opposition to state ownership of property. In December of that year, the name would be changed to the American Nazi Party, and the headquarters moved to 928 North Randolph Street in Arlington, Virginia.[link] The formation of the party resulted in his discharge from the United States Navy and the forfeiting of his pension.

Rockwell had to send his wife, Thora, and the four children to Iceland for their personal safety. The separation was supposed to have been temporary. In the months that passed, they grew distant. Rockwell went to Iceland and tried to reconcile with his family. However, he was unable to save his second marriage and they later divorced. Meanwhile, relations with his biological family would never be the same either. Both his brother and sister refused to ever speak with him. His father sank into depravation, never forgiving his son for dishonoring his name. Only his mother remained in contact, to give him love and support.

One of Rockwell's first openly Nazi publications was a pamphlet titled In Hoc Signo Vinces, [link] meaning "In this sign, Victory!". The symbol Rockwell used on the publication was the swastika. In recruiting followers for his organization, Rockwell credited himself for saving numerous youths from the delusions of alcohol, narcotics, homosexuality and manic depression by improving their welfare and giving them the will to live better lives. To become a "Stormtrooper," an applicant had to be at least eighteen and take a very strict oath. If he broke it, he would be kicked out.

Rallies in Washington DC and New York City

In order to overcome the "silent treatment" from the nation's press, Rockwell decided upon a course of action that he hoped would gain him national publicity. A rally was held April 3, 1960 on the National Mall of Washington DC. The weather was not agreeable and it rained. Rockwell and his group nevertheless held the rally. The Washington Evening Star reported the Nazis were a flop and the rally was a failure. A few days later the weather was better. Rockwell returned and gave a two hour speech, gaining more press attention.[link]

Rockwell's next tactic was to hold a rally in Union Square in New York City. He went there to demand a permit to speak and soon found himself surrounded by his archenemies: the Jews. A near riot erupted as Rockwell began to answer reporters questions. Rockwell said that 80% of the Jewish population in America were Communist sympathizers and therefore traitors who should be gassed, on the basis that most of the convicted spies happened to be Jewish. [link] The crowd went wild, demanding Rockwell be killed on the spot. He was given a protected escort out of New York City and never received the permit to hold the rally.[link]

Rockwell's next planned rally was set for July 3, 1960, again on the Mall. Rockwell and his men were confronted by an angry mob and a riot ensued. The police arrested Rockwell and eight party members. Rockwell demanded a trial but soon found himself being sent to a mental institution for thirty days of observation. In less than two weeks he was released and found capable of standing trial. He published a pamphlet on this experience titled, How to get out or stay out of the insane asylum. Thereafter, he became a bit more careful in his rhetoric.

By 1961 Rockwell's group was established in several cities with party members in Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Rockwell traveled to these cities and protested theatres showing Exodus, a movie depicting the birth of modern day Israel. Jewish organizations encouraged the press to "quarantine" Rockwell and news of his group's activities. At the end of the year, Rockwell was finally able to publish his autobiography, This Time The World, which he dedicated to Adolf Hitler and with acknowledgements to Douglas MacArthur, Joe McCarthy and Charles Lindbergh.[link]

Formation of the World Union of National Socialists

In August, 1962, due to its sensitive passport policy, Rockwell had to secretly travel to England through Ireland. In Cotswald, he co-founded the World Union of National Socialists with Colin Jordan's British organization the National Socialist Movement, before being deported back to the states. In 1966 the international group published National Socialist World, edited by former physics professor William L. Pierce.

Political campaigns and college appearances

Rockwell ran unsuccessfully for governor of Virginia in 1965. [link]

On November 30, 1966 Rockwell gave a speech to students at his alma mater Brown University.[link] At the time his group was estimated to have perhaps a few hundred members and nearly two thousand supporters. At the height of his fame, Rockwell was quite popular on the college lecture tour, from New England to Hawaii. According to one of Rockwell's biographers, he spoke to more than 100 college audiences.[link][link]

Playboy magazine interview

Rockwell once gave an interview to Alex Haley of the TV series Roots fame. The interview was published in Playboy magazine in the April 1966 issue. Rockwell agreed to the interview because of the magazine's appeal to white males. For many, this was the first time Rockwell's ideas were presented to the public without censorship. As a result of the interview, he became pen-pals with Haley [[Citing sources citation needed]], who wrote to him about his travels to Africa in researching his ancestors, which Rockwell envied. Rockwell was portrayed by Marlon Brando in the miniseries Roots: The Next Generation.

Rockwell and the Civil Rights Movement

In the summer of 1966, Rockwell led a counter-demonstration to Martin Luther King's attempt to bring an end to de facto segregation in the white Chicago suburb of Cicero, Illinois. He believed King was merely a tool for Jewish Communists to integrate America.[link]Although he admired J. Edgar Hoover's stand against communist subversion and would have approved of Hoover's tactics against King,[link]unbeknownst to him, Rockwell was also targeted by the FBI's counter intelligence program: COINTELPRO.

Rockwell led the American Nazi Party in assisting the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups during the Civil Rights Movement, by countering the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington. But he soon came to believe the Klan was stuck in the past and ineffective for helping him wage a modern race struggle. After hearing the slogan "Black Power", during a debate, in 1966, with Black Panther, Stokley Carmichael, Rockwell altered the phrase and started a call for "White Power". White Power would later become the name of the party's newspaper and the title of a book authored by Rockwell.

At the same time, Rockwell reached out to form friendly associations with the Nation of Islam, for its shared belief in racial separation. He also had great respect for Elijah Muhammad as the "Black people's Hitler," for doing the best job promoting integrity and pride among his people. Finally, he admired Malcolm X, as his black equivalent and the next true leader for Black America, even after his split from the Black Muslim organization.

Despite his extreme rhetoric, Rockwell's most important message was "peace through separation." He believed that sooner or later when the Cold War was over, America would have to confront its domestic troubles with a long-term solution to its race problems. Otherwise, as he often prophecied, the nation would suffer a great race war, where "the uniform would be skin color." In fact, Rockwell believed the conflict was rapidly approaching with the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, that would soon make whites America's new minority.

In January, 1967, Rockwell changed the name of the American Nazi Party to the National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP). In July, 1967—shortly before Rockwell's assassination—the first issue of their newspaper White Power was published. [link] Likewise, Rockwell's final book, White Power was finished before his death. [link]

Assassination

At 12:20 p.m. EDT on August 25 1967, Rockwell was pulling his blue and white 1958 Chevrolet from a parking space in front of a laundromat when two shots were fired by a sniper on the roof of the Dominion Hills Center strip mall. Rockwell attempted to avoid the shots by jumping into the passenger side of the vehicle. Both shots went through the windshield, hitting him in the head and chest. Rockwell struggled out the passenger door and died on the blacktop next to his car.

Shortly after the shooting, twenty-nine year old John Patler was arrested and charged with Rockwell's murder. He had been seen jumping off of the rear of the shopping center by nearby residents. He abandoned his Mauser semi-automatic in a park creek several blocks away and was seen waiting at a bus stop at Washington Boulevard and North Inglewood Street by an Arlington, Virginia police inspector who recognized Patler as an associate of Rockwell. When the officer questioned Patler, he ran but was quickly arrested and held under heavy guard in the Arlington County Jail.

Patler, who had legally changed his name from John C. Patsalos, had been a captain in the American Nazi Party and was Rockwell's editor of the party's newsletter, The Stormtrooper. Patler was an early member of Rockwell's organization and some considered him to be a co-founder of the party. In the first print edition of Rockwell's autobiography, This Time the World, Patler was featured in the opening page, shown in a photograph carrying the party flag; this was edited out in subsequent editions.

After the murder, Matt Koehl informed reporters that Patler had been expelled from the group in April of that year due to his "Bolshevik leanings". The primary accusation was that he was inserting Marxist propaganda into the newsletter of the party, The Stormtrooper.

Many former lieutenants of Rockwell had broken away from Rockwell's group to form "The White Party" only months before his assassination; they stood up in a campaign that maintained Patler's innocence. In December 1967, John Patler was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment for the murder of George Lincoln Rockwell

For some time, numerous conspiracy theories have circulated that like Lee Harvey Oswald, Patler was simply a patsy for the FBI, the Jewish Veterans and Rockwell's competitors.

Rockwell's funeral was held on August 30, 1967. The Pentagon denied his burial at Culpepper National Cemetery because his followers refused to remove their swastika emblazoned armbands before entering the cemetery grounds. His remains were returned to the headquarters of the American Nazi Party in Arlington, Virginia where he was cremated during a secret Nazi funeral on August 31, 1967.

The strip mall where Rockwell was slain is still called the Dominion Hills Shopping Center. In the past, admirers of Rockwell have painted a swastika on the exact spot of the parking lot where he died.

Party headquarters

The location he established as the headquarters of his American Nazi Party (2507 North Franklin Road in Arlington) is now a coffee shop, serving a racially diverse community. The two-story house he established as his "Stormtrooper Barracks" (6150 Wilson Boulevard, in the Dominion Hills district of Arlington) has since been razed and the property has been incorporated into the Upton Hill Regional Park.

Ideology and tactics

Rockwell's most infamous tactic was the mass promotion of denying the Holocaust. He believed it was all leftover propaganda from the war that became a psychological weapon of Zionism, designed to promote white guilt and coerce the Western world into contributing billions in foreign aid to Israel. He often declared that if not for the Holocaust, the modern state of Israel would not exist and there'd be no worldwide demand for eliminating racial segregation and apartheid.

In waging his crusade, Rockwell crafted the art of "political jujitsu," to use his enemies' power against them by giving him attention. He believed the American masses were not getting the whole picture because they were easily swayed by the "managed news," controlled by Jewish monopolyzing of the media.

When compared to other political icons of the 1960s, Rockwell was a combination of radical-reactionary and counter-revolutionary, meaning that he sought to counter the leftist progressive cultural revolution in America and preserve its old way of life by going out of the mainstream to become a frontline fighter. But unlike other radical groups, Rockwell always made sure his was law abiding and often claimed they had to "break their backs" to do so.

Rockwell supported America's anti-communist efforts to wage war in Vietnam. At times he would dive into anti-war demonstrations at home tearing down Viet Cong flags that were being waved by peace protesters. He saw the growing race problems in America as a threat and, if not for the politicians, the war in Vietnam could easily have been fought and won "with the Boy Scouts."

With regard to the Cold War Rockwell wanted to make peace with the Russians, whom he considered fellow opponents of Zionism. Rockwell also skewered conservatives like Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan as either deceptive "kosher conservatives," or opportunistic "ex-pinkos."

Rockwell predicted that it would not be long before the American masses were fed up with both the Democratic and Republican parties, making way for his planned run and election to the presidency in 1972. He believed that just as Christian Identity would unite white Catholics and Protestants, so would National Socialism unite white laborers and capitalists.

Legacy

His most notable protege, David Duke, regarded Rockwell as having the greatest impact for inspiring him to continue his twin message of white nationalism and anti-Zionism. Duke, as a student in high school, learned of the assassination and reportedly said, "The greatest American who ever lived has been shot down and killed."

In the mid-60s Rockwell had a strategy to develop his Nazi political philosophy within the Christian Identity religious movement. Christian Identity had its own anti-Semitic and racist views but without a Third Reich orientation. To some degree Rockwell was successful with this approach. The Christian Identity group Aryan Nations would later use various Nazi flags in its services. Also, its security personnel had uniforms that were similar to those worn by Rockwell's stormtroopers. [link]

With the appearance of the skinhead movement of the 1970s and 1980s many working class youths became a part of a neo-Nazi revival. The movement appeared for the most part on its own; the root cause was alienation of white youths in an ever increasingly multi-racial society. Rockwell became an adopted hero of the skinheads.

Two of Rockwell's associates, Matt Koehl and William Luther Pierce, would form their own organizations taking Rockwell's inspiration with them. Koehl, the successor to Rockwell, moved the NSWPP to Wisconsin and started New Order; which revered Hitler as a superhuman personality. Pierce would form the National Alliance and continue to take a hard line against Jews and racial minorities, but without the Third Reich trappings.

Timeline of Rockwell's political activities

Quotes by George Lincoln Rockwell

"Compared to some aboriginee in Africa who eats his own grandmother..yes sir, I believe you and I are all supermen compared to those cruds" Interview on CBC

"America did not exist until the coming of the white man." [link]

"I knew I would not live to see the victory which I would make possible, but I would not die before I had made that victory certain." This Time The World Chapter 15

Works

References

External links

 

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