Group 3 element
Encyclopedia : G : GR : GRO : Group 3 element
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Actinium}}}
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Thorium}}}
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Protactinium}}}
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Uranium}}}
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Neptunium}}}
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Plutonium}}}
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Americium}}}
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Curium}}}
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Berkelium}}}
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Californium}}}
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Einsteinium}}}
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Fermium}}}
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Mendelevium}}}
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Nobelium}}}
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Lawrencium}}}
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The Group 3 elements are chemical elements comprising the third vertical column of the periodic table.
IUPAC has not recommended a specific format for the periodic table, so different conventions are permitted and are often used for group 3. The following d-block transition metals are always considered members of group 3:
When defining the remainder of group 3, four different conventions may be encountered. (See group number of lanthanides and actinides):
- Some tables [link] include lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac), (the prototypes for the lanthanide and actinide series of elements, respectively) as the remaining members of group 3. In their most commonly encountered tripositive ion forms, these elements do not possess any partially filled f orbitals, thus resulting in more d-block-like behaviour.
- Some tables [link] include lutetium, (Lu) and lawrencium, (Lr) as the remaining members of group 3. These elements terminate the lanthanide and actinide series, respectively. Since the f-shell is nominally full in the ground state electron configuration for both these metals, they behave most like d-block metals out of all the lanthanides and actinides, and thus exhibit the most similarities in properties with Sc and Y. For Lr, this behavior is expected, but it has not been observed because sufficient quantities are not available. (Also see wide periodic table.)
- The third alternative is to regard the entire 30 lanthanide and actinide elements as included in Group 3. Lanthanides, as electropositive trivalent metals, all have a closely related chemistry, and all show many similarities to Sc and Y.
- The fourth alternative is to include none of the lanthanides and actinides in group 3. The lanthanides possess additional properties characteristic of their partially-filled f orbitals which are not common to Sc and Y. Furthermore, the actinides show a much wider variety of chemistry (for instance, in range of oxidation states) within their series than the lanthanides, and comparisons to Sc and Y are even less useful.
Occurrence
Scandium, yttrium, the and the lanthanides (except promethium) tend to occur together in the Earth's crust, and a relatively abundant compared with most d block metals, but often harder to extract for their ores.
External links
- http://periodic.lanl.gov
- http://www.webelements.com
- http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/index.html
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