Heinz Guderian
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Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (17 June, 1888 – 14 May, 1954) was a military theorist and innovative General of the German Army during the Second World War. Germany's panzer forces were raised and fought according to his works, best-known among them Achtung - Panzer! He held posts as Panzer Corps commander, Panzer Army commander, Inspector-General of Armored Troops, and chief of staff of the army (Chef des Generalstabs des Heeres). He rose to the rank of full general (Generaloberst) or Colonel General in July 1940. Although he never became a Field Marshal, Guderian is recognized as one of the most prominent generals of WWII.
Biography
Guderian was born in Kulm, West Prussia. From 1901 to 1907 Guderian attended various military schools. He entered the Army in 1907 as an ensign-cadet in the (Hanoverian) Jäger Bataillon No. 10. His father was the battalion's commander then. In 1911 Guderian joined the 3rd Telegraphen-Bataillon (Wireless-Battalion), Prussian Army Signal Corps. In October of 1913 he married Margarete Goerne, with whom he had two sons.
During the First World War he served as a Signals and General Staff officer. After the war, Guderian stayed in the reduced 100,000-man German Army (Reichswehr), where he came to specialize in armored warfare. Fluent in both English and French, he was influenced by the British maneuver warfare theorists J.F.C. Fuller and, to a lesser extent, B.H. Liddell Hart, as well as the writings, interestingly enough, of the then-unknown Charles de Gaulle. Their works were translated into German by Guderian.
Achtung - Panzer!, was written in 1936-37 as an explanation of Guderian's theories on the tank and aircraft's role in modern warfare. The panzer force he created would become the core of the German Army's power during the Second World War, and fight according to what became known as blitzkrieg doctrine. To this day, his contribution to the combined arms tactics are studied throughout military schools from West Point to Sandhurst.
Like many German military professionals, Guderian disliked the Nazis and their attempts to politicize the armed forces. He was chagrined at the Nazi edict banning Jews from the armed forces and stripping Jewish veterans of their pensions, and considered resigning his commission in protest. He was dissuaded by his military colleagues, but quite simply Guderian's career outlook (and future war glory) might have held the greater weight and settled his decision to stay with the Wehrmacht.
World War II
In the Second World War Guderian first served as the commander of the XIX Army Corps in the invasion of Poland and the invasion of France. He personally led the attack that traversed the Ardennes Forest, crossed the Meuse River and broke through the French lines at Sedan. Guderian's panzer group led the "race to the sea" that encircled the bulk of the Allied armies. In 1941 he commanded Panzergruppe Guderian in Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, receiving the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves in July of that year. From October 5 1941 he led the redesignated Second Panzer Army. During the Barbarossa campaign he led his panzer forces in rapid advances as according to the Blitzkrieg doctrine and earned the nickname "Schneller Heinz" (Fast Heinz) among his troops. His armored spearhead captured Smolensk in a remarkably short time and were poised to launch the final assault on Moscow when he was ordered to turn South towards Kiev (see Lötzen decision). He was relieved of command on 25 December 1941 for ordering a withdrawal in contradiction of Hitler's "standfast" order, and transferred to the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) reserve pool.
After the German defeat at Stalingrad, Guderian was recalled to active service and on 1 March, 1943 became the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops. Here his responsibilities were to oversee the training, production, and use of Germany's panzer forces. On 21 July, 1944, after the failure of the July 20 Plot, he became chief of staff of the army (Chef des Generalstabs des Heeres). Hitler dismissed him on 28 March, 1945 after an argument over the failed counterattack of an army commander, ending a long series of disagreements between them.
Life after the war
Despite Soviet and Polish government protests, Guderian was not charged with any war crimes during the Nuremberg Trials, as his actions and behavior were consistent with that of a professional soldier.
Poland argued that at the Battle of Wizna, Guderian had threatened the Polish commander Władysław Raginis with shooting prisoners of war if he did not order the remaining Polish forces to surrender. Some military historians view this as a masterful bluff; however Poles generally do not regard it as such; furthermore thousands of Red Army POWs were killed by soldiers under Guderian's command [[Citing sources citation needed]]. Guderian also accepted an estate in the newly annexed Warthegau region in German territory annexed from Poland after the invasion. The previous owners of the estate were evicted. He also received and accepted a state gift of money from Hitler after his retirement in 1942. [link]
Guderian surrendered to American troops on May 10, 1945, and remained in U.S. custody as a prisoner of war until his release in 1948. He died on May 14, 1954, in West Germany.
Guderian's son, Heinz Günther Guderian became a prominent General in the post-war German Bundeswehr and NATO.
Books by Heinz Guderian
- Guderian describes what he would do if he was in charge of German tank forces.
- Guderian describes what he did when he was in charge of German tank forces.
References
- Macksey, Kenneth, Guderian: Panzer General (1992, revision of Guderian, Creator of the Blitzkrieg, 1976)
- Walde, Karl J., Guderian (1978)
External links
- [Personality Profile - General Heinz Guderian] by the Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces
- [Generaloberst Heinz Wilhelm Guderian] at Achtung Panzer!
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