Hematology

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Hematology (BE: haematology) is the branch of internal medicine and pediatrics that is concerned with blood, the blood-forming organs and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases.

Blood diseases affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, the mechanism of coagulation, etc.

Contents

1 Hematologists
2 Hematology as basic medical science
3 Classification of hematology diseases
4 Tests
5 Treatments
6 Alphabetical lists
7 External links

Hematologists

Medical doctors who work in hematology are known as hematologists. Their routine work may range from the management of the hematology laboratory, work at the microscope viewing blood films and bone marrow slides, interpretation of various hematology test results, care of in-patients and care of out-patients.

Hematologists may specialise further or have special interests, for example in:

treating bleeding disorders such as hemophilia
treating hematological malignacies such as lymphoma and leukemia (onco hematology)
treating hemoglobinopathies
in the science of blood transfusion and the work of a blood bank

Hematology as basic medical science

Classification of hematology diseases

Hemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of the hemoglobin molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis)
*Sickle-cell disease
*Thalassemia
*Methemoglobinemia
Anemias (lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin)
*Iron deficiency anemia
*Megaloblastic anemia
**Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
***Pernicious anemia
**Folate deficiency
*Hemolytic anemias (destruction of red blood cells)
**Genetic disorders of RBC membrane
***Hereditary spherocytosis
***Hereditary elliptocytosis
**Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism
***Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)
***Pyruvate kinase deficiency
**Immune mediated hemolytic anaemia (direct Coombs test is positive)
***Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
****Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
*****Idiopathic
*****Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
*****Evans' syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and haemolytic antibodies)
****Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
*****Idiopathic cold hemagglutinin syndrome
*****Infectious mononucleosis
*****Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (rare)
***Alloimmune hemolytic anemia
****Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
*****Rh disease (Rh D)
*****ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
*****Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn
*****Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn
*****Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, RhE, Kid, Duffy, MN, P and others)
***Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anaemia
****Penicillin (high dose)
****Methyldopa
**Hemoglobinopathies (where these is an unstable or crystaline hemoglobin)
**Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (rare acquired clonal disorder of red blood cell surface protiens)
**Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
*Aplastic anemia
**Fanconi anemia
**Diamond-Blackfan anemia
**Acquired pure red cell aplasia
Decreased numbers of cells
*Myelodysplastic syndrome
*Myelofibrosis
*Neutropenia (decrease in the number of neutrophils)
*Agranulocytosis
*Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
*Thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of platelets)
**Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
**Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
**Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Myeloproliferative disorders (Increased numbers of cells)
*Polycythemia vera (increase in the number of cells in general)
*Leukocytosis (increase in the number of white blood cells)
*Thrombocytosis (increase in the number of platelets)
*Myeloproliferative disorder
Hematological malignancies
*Lymphomas
**Hodgkin's disease
**Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
**Burkitt's lymphoma
**Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
*Myelomas
**Multiple myeloma
**Waldenström macroglobulinemia
*Plasmacytoma
*Leukemias
**Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
**Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
**Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
**Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
**Hairy cell leukemia
Coagulopathies (disorders of bleeding and coagulation)
*Thrombocytosis
*Recurrent thrombosis
*Disseminated intravascular coagulation
*Disorders of clotting proteins
**Hemophilia
***Hemophilia A
***Hemophilia B (also known as Christmas disease)
***Hemophilia C
**Von Willebrand disease
**Disseminated intravascular coagulation
**Protein S deficiency
**Antiphospholipid syndrome
*Disorders of platelets
**Thrombocytopenia
**Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
**Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Miscellaneous
*Haemochromatosis
*Asplenia
*Hypersplenism
**Gauchers disease
Haemotological changes secondary to non-haemotological disorders
*Anemia of chronic disease
*Infectious mononucleosis
*AIDS
*Malaria
*Leishmaniasis

Tests

Tests used in the investigation of haematological problems include:

Treatments

Treatments include:

Diet advice
Oral medication - tablets or liquid medicines
Anticoagulation therapy
Intramuscular injections (for example, Vitamin B12 injections)
Blood transfusion (for anemia)
Venesection (for iron overload or polycythemia)
Bone marrow transplant (for example, for leukemia)
Chemotherapy (for example, for leukemia)
Radiotherapy (in decline, for example, for leukemia)

Alphabetical lists

External links

Health science - Medicine - Hematology - [http://encycl.opentopia.com/ edit]
Hematological malignancy and White blood cells
Lymphoid: Leukemia>Lymphocytic leukemia (ALL, CLL) \| Lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease, NHL) \| LPD \| Myeloma (Multiple myeloma, Extramedullary plasmacytoma)
Myeloid: Leukemia>Myelogenous leukemia (AML, CML) \| MPD (Essential thrombocytosis, Polycythemia) \| MDS \| Myelofibrosis \| Neutropenia
Red blood cells
Anemia > Hemochromatosis \| Sickle-cell disease \| Thalassemia \| Hemolysis \| Aplastic anemia \| G6PD \| Hereditary spherocytosis \| Hereditary elliptocytosis \| Other hemoglobinopathies
Coagulation and Platelets
Thrombosis > Deep vein thrombosis \| Pulmonary embolism \| Hemophilia \| ITP \| TTP \| DIC

Transfusion medicine - [http://encycl.opentopia.com/ edit]
Blood transfusion > Cross-matching \| Coombs test \| Intraoperative blood salvage \| Transfusion reactions \| International Society of Blood Transfusion \| ISBT 128 \| Platelet transfusion \|
Human blood group systems - Blood type
ABO \| Rhesus \| Duffy \| Hh \| Kell \| Kidd \| Kx \| Colton \| Yt

Blood donation > Blood \| Plasma \| Platelets \| Cryoprecipitate \| Plasmapheresis \| Red blood cells

Health science – Medicine - [http://encycl.opentopia.com/ edit]
Anesthesiology \| Dermatology \| Emergency Medicine \| General practice \| Internal medicine \| Neurology \| Obstetrics & Gynaecology \| Occupational Medicine \| Pathology \| Pediatrics \| Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation \| Podiatry \| Psychiatry \| Public Health \| Radiology \| Surgery
Branches of Internal medicine
Cardiology > Endocrinology \| Gastroenterology \| Hematology \| Infectious diseases \| Intensive care medicine \| Nephrology \| Oncology \| Pulmonology \| Rheumatology
Branches of Surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery \| Dermatologic surgery \| General surgery \| Gynecological surgery \| Neurosurgery \| Ophthalmic surgery \| Oral and maxillofacial surgery \| Organ Transplantation \| Orthopedic surgery \| Otolaryngology (ENT) \| Pediatric surgery \| Plastic surgery \| Podiatric surgery \| Surgical oncology \| Trauma surgery \| Urology \| Vascular surgery

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