Hephthalite

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The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were an Indo-European and quite possibly an Eastern Iranian nomadic people who lived across western China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwest India in the fourth through sixth centuries AD. The term Hephthalite derives from Greek, supposedly a rendering of Hayathelite (from the term Haital = "Big/Powerful" in the dialect of Bukhara), the name used by Persian writers to refer to a 6th century empire on the northern and eastern periphery of their land. As a group they appear to be distinct from the Huns who ravaged Europe in the fourth century AD.

Map showing the extent of regions under Hephthalite dominion, c. AD 520.

Contents

1 Name
2 Expansion
3 Hephthalites in South Asia
4 Origin Theories
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Name

In China, they were known as Yanda (厌哒 or 嚈噠), also written Yedaiyiliduo/Yeda/Yeoptal, but are documented as having called themselves Hua or Huer (滑), chroniclers recognising that the Chinese Yoptal terms actually came from the name of the Hua leaders. Peoples with similar ethnicons had been present in Central Eurasia for centuries. The Chinese classic Liang Zhigongtu describes them as of the same origin as the Hua Country. Yanda has been given various latinised renderings such as "Yeda", although the Korean pronunciation "Yeoptal" 엽달 is much more recognisable and is certainly a much more archaic form. The later name Hephthal, which some sources indicate originally applied to one of the 5 Yuezhi families from Kushan, is supposed to have been a name derived from their ruling élite.

Procopius called them "White Huns" while Simokattes calls them Uar (reminiscent of their own self-designation) and identifies them as the "real" Avars of the east and the true political force behind what he calls the "pseudo" Avars who eventually settled down in Transylvania.

Different spellings include Ephthalite, Epthalite, Ephtalite, Eptalite, Hepthalite, Hephtalite, and Heptalite.

India knew the Hephthalites by the Sanskrit name Hūna (svetahuna i.e. White Huns)(perhaps used originally to refer to the Xiyonites?). It has been said that their legendary ancestor was Afrasiabus. Armenian sources also mention a White Hun origin for the Parthian Arsaces. According to Simokattes, Alchoni were also a part of their composition, having united under the Yoptal with the "vulturous" Uar around AD 460.

Expansion

Throughout the 5th century, it was the Huer who managed to succeed to the Central Eurasian Hun heritage in a campaign which spread from the Tian Shan to the Carpathians. After the failure of Xiong's Zhou County (352) the influence of the Huer Dragon Tribe ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]} started to expand. The influence of the northern deer-people (Elunchun) retreated north up the Yenisei River ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]} as the Huer chased a western portion of the Choni into Uzbekistan ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]} (Late 4th century Alchoni), while the eastern branch founded the Xiong's last eastern dynasty Tiefu Xia ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]} (407-431). By 460 the Huer had taken over much of Central Eurasia from Xinjiang to the Volga River, though very little is known about the area from the late 5th to early 6th centuries.

Some sources #redirect indicate that one branch of the Juan Juan was called Uar or Var(?), and they were placed at the head of the Uyghurs after Juan Juan subjugation in 460 ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]}. If the "Uar" people in question are the same as the Hua, then they must have joined the Juan Juan in 460 after pushing the Choni into Uzbekistan and taking over Uyghuristan, then heading for Europe, leaving the Juan Juan controlled area to Hephthalite sovereignty before the 541-545 power shift.

Chinese sources mention a "king" called Yedaiyiliduo 厌带夷栗陁 (perhaps rather the name of the dynasty than a single man) from 516, indicating the Hephthalite family had come to rule them in Xinjiang by this time. Sometime during Ye-Tai-Yi-Li-Tuo's reign (507-531), those Huer and Alchoni ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]} tribes who had become one unit under his direct rule sought to usurp control in Xinjiang from the Juan Juan. From this time on they came to be called Hephthalites, but meanwhile the rest of the Huer and Alchoni under Sarosios's father strengthened their position in Khwarezmia to conquer the dregs of Attila's Hunnic empire in the west ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]}.

The Eastern Huer or Hephthalite ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]} control of Uyghuristan was achieved between 541 and 545, during the reign of Yedaiyiliduo's successor Toramana II , which is why some scholars say Avar rule began in the area from this time. After Toramana II, the Hephthalite seat of power was relocated to Pakistan.

References to eastern "Avars" in control of Uyghuristan from 541-565 concern them. This was during the reign of the Hephthal Toramana II, though they had a presence in Xinjiang under his predecessor Yedaiyiliduo (507-531) ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]}, even during the Juan Juan rule there (460-545). It was apparently during the reign of Yedaiyiliduo ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]} that there was a split resulting in the western portions of Huer and Alchoni relocating their interests in the Volga region of Europe as the Avars ^{[[Citing sourcescitations needed]]}.

Hephthalites in South Asia

Billon drachm of the Indo-Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. 475-576).

The Hephthalites, or Huna as they were known in India, established themselves in Afghanistan and Pakistan by the first half of the fifth century, with their capital at Bamiyan.

The Indian emperor Skandagupta repelled a Hūna invasion in 455, but the Hephthalites continued to pressure India's northwest frontier (present day Pakistan), and broke through into northern India by the end of the fifth century, hastening the disintegration of the Gupta empire. They made their capital at the city of Sakala (modern day Sialkot) under their Emperor Mihirakula (or MehrGul meaning sunflower).

After the end of the sixth century little is recorded in India about the Hephthalites, and what happened to them is unclear; some historians surmise that the remaining Hephthalites were assimilated into northern India's population.

Origin Theories

K. Enoki believed them to be an Iranian group, like the Tajiks today, while some of their practices remind us of Khwarezmia, in which case they may have belonged to other speakers of Indo-European languages, perhaps the Tocharians. There were various theories about their origins documented by contemporary Chinese chroniclers as with Procopius.

They were related in some way to the Visha (Indo-Europeans known to the Chinese as the Yuezhi or Yüeh Chih),
They were a branch of the Kao-ch`e,
They were descendants of the general Pahua,
They were descendants of Kang Chu
Their origins cannot be made clear at all.

References

Enoki, K. "The Liang shih-kung-t'u on the origin and migration of the Hua or Ephthalites," Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 7:1-2 (December 1970):37-45

External links

[The Ethnonym Apar in the Turkish Inscriptions of the VIII. Century and Armenian Manuscripts - Mehmet Tezcan] (pdf)
[Hephthalite coins]
[Hephthalite History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad]
[The Hephthalites of Central Asia - by Richard Heli] (long article with a timeline)
[The Hephthalites] Article archived from the University of Washington's Silk Road exhibition - has a slightly adapted form of the Richard Heli timeline.

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