History of anti-Semitism
Encyclopedia : H : HI : HIS : History of anti-Semitism
This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the Jews as a religious or ethnic group. See main article Anti-Semitism for etymology, roots, traits and disputes on what is sometimes called "the longest hatred."[link]
Here we note significant events in the history of anti-Semitism: as well as important anti-Semitic actions, we also give events in the history of anti-Semitic thought, actions taken to combat or relieve the effects of anti-Semitism, and events that affected the prevalence of anti-Semitism in later years.
Contents
Ancient animosity towards Jews
- 3rd century BCE
- Manetho, a Hellenistic Egyptian chronicler and priest, alleges that Moses was not a Jew, but an Egyptian renegade priest called Osarseph, and portrays the Exodus as the expulsion of a leper colony.
- 175 BCE-165 BCE
- Antiochus Epiphanes sacks Jerusalem, calls Judaism "inimical to humanity", prohibits brit milah, confiscates copies of Torah and erects an altar to Zeus in the Second Temple after plundering it. (See also Maccabees, Hanukkah)
- 2nd century BCE
- Mnaseas of Patros, a Greek author, reports that the Jews worship a donkey's head in the Holy of Holies. This legend was repeated by Apollonius Molon, Democritus, Apion, and Plutarch.
- 19
- Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome. Suetonius Tranquillus, in Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Vol 3, Tiberius, Section 36, says that Tiberius "suppressed all foreign religions... . He distributed the Jewish youths, under the pretence of military service, among the provinces noted for an unhealthy climate; and dismissed from the city all the rest of that nation as well as those who were proselytes to that religion [335], under pain of slavery for life, unless they complied." Josephus, in his Jewish Antiquities (18.3.5), likewise says that Tiberius "ordered all the Jews to be banished out of Rome," taking "four thousand men out of them, and sent them to the island Sardinia; but punished a greater number of them, who were unwilling to become soldiers, on account of keeping the laws of their forefathers. Thus were these Jews banished out of the city ..." Cassius Dio writes about Tiberius, "As the Jews flocked to Rome in great numbers and were converting many of the natives to their ways, he banished most of them." (Roman History, 57.18.5a)
- 37-41
- Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria (Egypt), as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus.
- 50
- Jews ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius "not to hold meetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6). Claudius later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius ("Lives of the Twelve Caesars", Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18
- 66-73
- Great Jewish Revolt against the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus Flavius. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, as there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God". (Philostratus, Vita Apollonii). The events of this period were recorded in detail by the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus. His record is largely sympathetic to the Roman view, and hence is considered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt as being led by "tyrants," to the detriment of the city, and of Titus as having "moderation" in his escalation the Siege of Jerusalem (70).
- 1st century
- Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt, including the first recorded blood libel. Juvenal writes anti-Jewish poetry. Josephus picks apart contemporary and old anti-Semitic myths in his work Against Apion. ([Tacitus writes anti-Jewish polemic in his Histories ([115-117
- Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by Dio Cassius' History of Rome (68.31), and Eusebius' Historia Ecclesiastica (4.2), and papyrii.
- c. 119
- Roman emperor Hadrian bans circumcision, making Judaism de facto illegal.
- c. 132-135
- Hadrian constructs a pagan temple to Jupiter at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem, builds Aelia Capitolina among ruins of Jerusalem and crushes the Bar Kokhba's revolt. Judea is wiped off the map and renamed into Palestine; Jews are left dispersed and stateless.
- 167
- Claimed to be the first recorded accusation of deicide. A sermon, attributed to Melito of Sardis, titled [
The
- 306
- The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forbidden.
- 315-337
- Constantine I enacts various laws regarding the Jews
- 325
- First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. The Christian Church separates the calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover
- 361-363
- Roman Emperor Julian, a pagan, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Temple.
- 386
- John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies Adversus Judaeos (lit
- 388
- A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders punishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christian expense. Ambrose of Milan insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor's presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the case was dropped. Theodosius complies.
- 399
- The Western Roman Emperor Honorius calls Judaism superstitio indigna and confiscates gold and silver collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.
The
- 415
- Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim.Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History VI,16 Christians in Antioch, and Magona confiscate or burn synagogues. Bishop Cyril of Alexandria forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews and gives their property to the mob. Prefect Orestes is stoned almost to death for protesting.
- 418
- The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of Minorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island.
- 419
- The monk Barsauma (subsequently the Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for the next three years destroys synagogues throughout the Palestine.
- 429
- The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders all funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury.
- 439 Jan 31
- The Codex Theodosianus, the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The anti-Jewish statutes apply to the Samaritans. The Code is also accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.
- 451
- Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II of Persia's decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch Mar Nuna.
The
- 519
- Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
- 529-559
- Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis. New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years
- 538
- The Third Council of Orléans, Gaul forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during Easter
- 576
- Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice
- 587
- King Reccared of Visigothic Spain bans Jews from slave ownership, intermarriage and holding positions of authority, and Reccared also declares that children of mixed marriages must be raised Christian.
- 589
- The Council of Narbonne, Gaul forbids Jews from chanting psalms while burying their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold.
- 590
- Pope Gregory I defends the Jews against forced conversion.
The
- 610-620
- Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.
- 614
- Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.
- 629 Mar. 21
- Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches into Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a good deed. Hundreds of Jews are massacred, thousands flee to Egypt.
- Frankish King Dagobert I, encouraged by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, expels all Jews from the kingdom.
- 632
- The first case of officially sanctioned forced baptism. Emperor Heraclius violates the Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forced conversions.
- 682
- Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28 anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews" and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest, who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding.
- 692
- Quinisext Council in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.
- 694
- 17th Council of Toledo, Spain. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.
The
- 717
- Caliph Omar II introduces discriminatory regulations against the dhimmi, among them for Jews to wear a special yellow garb.
- 722
- Byzantine emperor Leo III forcibly converts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstream Byzantine Christianity.
The
- 807
- Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.
- 820
- Agobard, Archbishop of Lyon, declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete segregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious to attack "Jewish insolence", but fails to convince the Emperor.
- 898-929
- French king Charles the Simple confiscates Jewish-owned property in Narbonne and donates it to the Church.
The
- 1008-1013
- Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Land of Israel. All Jews are forced to wear a "golden calf" (made of wood) around their necks. On Oct. 18 1009 he destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but the French "historian" Raoul Glaber blames the Jews. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.
- 1032
- Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.
- 1066 Dec 30
- The entire Jewish community of Granada came under the riotous siege resulting in 4,000 deaths and the destruction of most property. The community quickly recovered, only to fall again at the hands of the Almoravides lead by Iban Iashufin in 1090, bringing the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain to end.
- 1078
- Coucil of Gerona decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians.
Jews (identifiable by Judenhut) are being massacred by Crusaders.1250 French Bible illustration
- 1096
- The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several Central European cities. The third, unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland, under the slogan
The
- 1144 March 20 (Passover)
- The first blood libel in which the Jews of Norwich, England were accused of ritual murder after a Christian boy (William of Norwich) is found dead. It was claimed that the Jews had tortured and crucified their victim. From this time forward, similar charges were levelled against Jews in all quarters of Europe. The believers of these accusations reasoned that the Jews, having crucified Jesus, continued to thirst for pure and innocent blood and satisfied their thirst at the expense of innocent Christian children. In accordance with this logic, the season of such charges was typically in Spring around the time of Passover which approximately coincides with the time of Jesus' death. [Ben-Sasson, H.H., Editor; (1969). A History of The Jewish People. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1148-1212
- The rule of the Almohads. Only Jews who had converted to Christianity or Islam are allowed to live in Granada. One of the refugees was Rambam (AKA Maimonides) who settled in Fez and later in Fustat near Cairo.
- 1179
- The Third Lateran Council, Canon 26
- 1180
- Philip Augustus of France after four months in power, imprisons all the Jews in his lands and demands a ransom for their release. In 1181 he annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris. He readmits them in 1198, only after another ransom was paid and a taxation scheme was set up to procure funds for himself.
- 1189
- Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa orders priests not to preach against Jews.
- 1190 Mar. 16
- 500 Jews of York massacred after 6-day siege by departing Crusaders, backed by a number of people indebted to Jewish money-lenders. [1190
- Saladdin takes over Jerusalem from Crusaders and lifts the ban for Jews to live there.
- 1198 Aug
- Saladdin's nephew al-Malik, caliph of Yemen, summons all the Jews and forcibly converts them.
The
Judensau at the Cathedral of St. Peter in Regensburg- 13th century
- Germany. Appearance of Judensau
- 1215
- The Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares
- 1235
- The Jews of Fulda, Germany were accused of ritual murder. To investigate the blood libel, Emperor Frederick II held a special conference of Jewish converts to Christianity at which the converts were questioned about Jewish ritual practice. Letters inviting prominent individuals to the conference still survive. At the conference, the converts stated unequivocally that Jews do not harm Christian children or require blood for any rituals. In 1236 the Emperor published these findings and in 1247 Pope Innocent IV, the Emperor's enemy, also denounced accusations of the ritual murder of Christian children by Jews. In 1272, the papal repudiation of the blood libel was repeated by Pope Gregory X, who also ruled that thereafter any such testimony of a Christian against a Jew could not be accepted unless it is confirmed by another Jew. Unfortunately, these proclamations from the highest sources were not effective in altering the beliefs of the Christian majority and the libels continued. [Ben-Sasson, H.H., Editor; (1969). A History of The Jewish People. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1236
- Crusaders attack Jewish communities of Anjou and Poitou and attempt to baptize all the Jews. Those who resisted (est. 3,000) were slaughtered.
- 1240
- Disputation of Paris. Pope Gregory IX puts Talmud on trial on the charges that it contains blasphemy against Jesus and Mary and attacks on the Church. In 1242 24 cart-loads of hand-written manuscripts were burned in the streets of Paris.
- 1242
- James I of Aragon orders Jews to listen to conversion sermons and to attend churches. Friars are given power to enter synagogues uninvited.
- 1244
- Pope Innocent IV orders Louis IX of France to burn all Talmud copies.
- 1254
- Louis IX expels the Jews from France, their property and synagogues confiscated. Most move to Germany and further east, however, after a couple of years, some were readmitted back.
- 1255
- King Henry III of England, protector of the Jews, sells his rights to the Jews to his brother Richard for 5,000 marks.
- c. 1260
- Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Contra Gentiles, a summary of Christian faith to be presented to those who reject it. The Jews who refuse to convert are regarded as "deliberately defiant" rather than "invincibly ignorant".
- 1263
- Disputation of Barcelona.
- 1264
- Pope Clement IV assigns Talmud censorship committee.
- 1267
- In a special session, the Vienna city council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (a cone-shaped headdress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). This distinctive dress is an addition to Yellow badge Jews were already forced to wear. Christians are not permitted to attend Jewish ceremonies.
- 1275
- King Edward I of England passes anti-Jewish statute forcing Jews over the age of seven to wear an identifying Yellow badge, and making usury illegal (linked to blasphemy), in order to seize their assets. Scores of English Jews are arrested, 300 hanged and their property goes to the Crown. In 1280 he orders Jews to be present at Dominicans preaching conversion. In 1287 he arrests heads of Jewish families and demands their communities to pay ransom of 12,000 pounds.
- 1278
- The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsory attendance of Jews at conversion sermons.
- 1279
- Synod of Ofen
- 1282
- John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders all London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians.
- 1283
- Philip III of France causes mass migration of Jews by forbidding them to live in the small rural localities.
- 1285
- Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. 180 more Jews are burned alive at the synagogue.
- 1287
- A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewish men, women and children after a ritual murder accusation.
- 1290 July 18
- Edict of Expulsion
- 1291
- Philip the Fair publishes an ordinance prohibiting the Jews to settle in France.
- 1298
- During the civil war between Adolph of Nassau and Albrecht of Austria, German knight Rindfleisch claims to have received a mission from heaven to exterminate "the accursed race of the Jews". Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewish communities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among 146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Röttingen (April 20), Würzburg (July 24), Nuremberg (August 1). [
The
- 1305
- Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish property (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx. 100,000). His successor Louis X of France allows French Jews to return in 1315.
- 1320
- Shepherds' Crusade attacks the Jews of 120 localities in southwest France.
- 1321
- King Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear Yellow badge.
- 1321
- Jews in central France falsely charged of their supposed collusion with lepers to poison wells. After massacre of est. 5,000 Jews, king Philip V of France admits they were innocent.
- 1322
- King Charles IV expels Jews from France.
- 1348
- European Jews are blamed for the Black Death. Charge laid to the Jews that they poisoned the wells. Massacres spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria. More than 200 Jewish communities destroyed by violence. Many communities have been expelled and settle down in Poland.
- 1359
- Charles V of France allows Jews to return for a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. After few extensions, on Nov 3, 1394 his son Charles VI of France expels all Jews from France.
- 1386
- Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor, expels the Jews from Swabian League and Strasbourg and confiscates their property. On March 18, 1389, a Jewish boy is accused of plotting against a priest. The mob slaughters approx. 3,000 of Prague Jews, destroys the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. Wenceslaus insists that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during the Holy Week.
- 1391
- Violence incited by Archdeacon of Ecija Ferrand Martinez, results in over 10,000 murdered Jews. The Jewish quarter in Barcelona is destroyed. The campaign quickly spreads throughout Spain (except for Granada) and destroys Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca.
- 1399
- Blood libel in Posen.
The
- 1411
- Oppressive legislation against Jews in Spain as an outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer.
- 1413
- Disputation of Tortosa, Spain, staged by the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, is followed by forced mass conversions.
- 1421
- Persecutions of Jews in Vienna, known as Wiener Gesera (Vienna Edict), confiscation of their possessions, and forced conversion of Jewish children. 270 Jews burned at stake. Expulsion of Jews from Austria.
- 1422
- Pope Martin V issues a Bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year on allegations that the Jews of Rome attained it by fraud.
- 1434
- Council of Basel, Sessio XIX
- 1447
- Casimir IV renews all the rights of Jews of Poland and makes his charter one of the most liberal in Europe. He revokes it in 1454 at the insistence of Bishop Zbigniew.
- 1449
- The Statute of Toledo introduces the rule of purity of blood discriminating Conversos. Pope Nicholas V condems it.
- 1463
- Pope Nicholas V authorizes the establishment of the Inquisition to investigate heresy among the Marranos. See also Crypto-Judaism.
- 1473-1474
- Spain. Massacres of Marranos of Valladolid, Cordoba, Segovia, Ciudad Real.
Simon of Trent blood libel. Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's Weltchronik, 1493- 1475
- A student of the preacher Giovanni da Capistrano, Franciscan Bernardino de Fletre, accuses the Jews in murdering an infant, Simon. The entire community is arrested, 15 leaders are burned at the stake, the rest are expelled. In 1588, Pope Sixtus V confirmed Simon's cultus. Saint Simon was considered a martyr and patron of kidnap and torture victims for almost 500 years. In 1965, Pope Paul VI declared the episode a fraud, and decanonized Simon's sainthood.
- 1481
- The Spanish Inquisition is instituted.
- 1487-1504
- Bishop Gennady exposes the heresy of Zhidovstvuyshchy (Judaizers) in Eastern Orthodoxy of Muscovy.
- 1490
- Tomás de Torquemada burns 6,000 volumes of Jewish mansucripts in Salamanca.
- 1491
- The blood libel in La Guardia, Spain, where the alleged victim Holy Child of La Guardia became revered as a saint.
- 1492 Mar. 31
- Ferdinand II and Isabella issue General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
- 1492 Oct. 24
- Jews of Mecklenburg, Germany are accused of stabbing a consecrated wafer. 27 Jews are burned, including two women. The spot is still called the Judenberg. All the Jews are expelled from the Duchy.
The
Jews from Worms, Germany wear the mandatory yellow badge. A moneybag and garlic in the hands are an anti-semitic stereotype. 16th century drawing- 1505
- Ten Ceské Budejovice Jews are tortured and executed for killing a Christian girl; later, on deathbed, shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation.
- 1506 April 19
- A marrano expresses his doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in Lisbon, Portugal. The crowd, led by Dominican monks, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses and slaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre and join in. Over 2,000 marranos killed in three days.
- 1509 August 19
- A converted Jew Johannes Pfefferkorn receives authority of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to destroy the Talmud and other Jewish religious books, except the Hebrew Bible, in Frankfurt.
- 1510 July 19
- Forty Jews are executed in Brandenburg, Germany for allegedly desecrating the host; remainder expelled. November 23. Less-wealthy Jews expelled from Naples; remainder heavily taxed. 38 Jews burned at the stake in Berlin.
- 1511 June 6
- Eight Roman Catholic converts from Judaism burned at the stake for allegedly reverting.
- 1519
- Martin Luther leads Protestant Reformation and challenges the doctrine of Servitus Judaeorum "... to deal kindly with the Jews and to instruct them to come over to us". February 21. All Jews expelled from Ratisbon/Regensburg.
- 1520
- Pope Leo X allows Jews print Talmud in Venice
- 1528
- Three judaizers are burned at the stake in Mexico City's first auto da fe.
Bookcover of On the Jews and Their Lies- 1543
- In his pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies Martin Luther advocates an eight-point plan to get rid of the Jews as a distinct group either by religious conversion or by expulsion
- "...set fire to their synagogues or schools..."
- "...their houses also be razed and destroyed..."
- "...their prayer books and Talmudic writings... be taken from them..."
- "...their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb..."
- "...safe-conduct on the highways be abolished completely for the Jews..."
- "...usury be prohibited to them, and that all cash and treasure of silver and gold be taken from them..." and "Such money should now be used in ... the following [way]... Whenever a Jew is sincerely converted, he should be handed [certain amount]..."
- "...young, strong Jews and Jewesses [should]... earn their bread in the sweat of their brow..."
- "If we wish to wash our hands of the Jews' blasphemy and not share in their guilt, we have to part company with them. They must be driven from our country" and "we must drive them out like mad dogs."
- 1546
- Martin Luther's sermon Admonition against the Jews contains accusations of ritual murder, black magic, and poisoning of wells. Luther recognizes no obligation to protect the Jews.
- 1547
- Ivan the Terrible becomes ruler of Russia and refuses to allow Jews to live in or even enter his kingdom because they "bring about great evil" (quoting his response to request by Polish king Sigismund).
- 1553
- Pope Julius III forbids Talmud printing and orders burning of any copy found. Rome’s Inquisitor-General, Cardinal Carafa (later Pope Paul IV) has Talmud publicly burnt in Rome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy. About 12,000 copies were destroyed.
- 1554
- Cornelio da Montalcino, a Franciscan Friar who converted to Judaism, is burned alive in Rome.
- 1555
- In Papal Bull Cum nimis absurdum, Pope Paul IV writes
- 1557
- Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.
- 1559
- Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions that it is printed by a Christian and the text is censored.
- 1565
- Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.
- 1566
- Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as Pope Pius V, reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of Pope Paul IV. In 1569 he expels Jews dwelling outside of the ghettos of Rome, Ancona, and Avignon from the Papal States, thus ensuring that they remain city-dwellers.
- 1586
- Pope Sixtus V forbids printing of the Talmud.
- 1590
- Jewish quarter of Mikulov burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage. King Philip II of Spain orders expulsion of Jews from Lombardy. His order is ignored by local authorities until 1597, when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile.
- 1593 Feb. 25
- Pope Clement VIII confirms the Papal bull of Paul III that expels Jews from Papal states except ghettos in Rome and Ancona and issues Caeca et obdurata ("Blind Obstinacy")
The
- 1608
- The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyone descended from Jews to the fifth generation, a restriction lifted in the 20th century. Three years later Pope Paul V applies the rule throughout the Church, but his successor revokes it.
- 1612
- The Hamburg Senate decides to officially allow Jews to live in the city on the condition there is no public worship.
Expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on August 23, 1614: "1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate"- 1614
- Vincent Fettmilch, who called himself the "new Haman of the Jews", leads a raid on Frankfurt synagogue that turned into an attack which destroyed the whole community.
- 1615
- King Louis XIII of France decrees that all Jews must leave the country within one month on pain of death.
- 1619
- Shah Abbasi of the Persian Sufi Dynasty increases persecution against the Jews, forcing many to outwardly practice Islam. Many keep practicing Judaism in secret.
- 1624
- Ghetto established in Ferrara, Italy.
- 1632
- King Ladislaus IV of Poland forbids Anti-Semitic print-outs.
- 1648-1655
- The Ukrainian Cossacks lead by Bohdan Chmielnicki massacre about 100,000 Jews and similar number of Polish nobles, 300 Jewish communities destroyed.
- 1655
- Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews to England.
The
- 1711
- Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes his Entdecktes Judenthum ("Judaism Unmasked"), a work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative influence on modern anti-Semitic polemics.
- 1712
- Blood libel in Sandomierz and expulsion of the town's Jews.
- 1727
- Edict of Catherine I of Russia
- 1742 Dec
- Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsion of all the Jews out of Russian Empire. Her resolution to the Senate's appeal regarding harm to the trade
- 1744
- Frederick II The Great (a "heroic genius", according to Hitler) limits Breslau to ten "protected" Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise they will "transform it into complete Jerusalem". He encourages this practice in other Prussian cities. In 1750 he issues Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft
- 1744 Dec
- Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa orders
- 1762
- Rhode Island refuses to grant Jews Aaron Lopez and Isaac Eliezer citizenship stating "no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free to this colony."
- 1775
- Pope Pius VI issues a severe Editto sopra gli ebrei (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously lifted restrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed.
- 1782
- Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II abolishes most of persecution practices in Toleranzpatent on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public records and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded "quintessence of foolishness and nonsense". Moses Mendelssohn writes
- 1791
- Catherine II of Russia confines Jews to the Pale of Settlement and imposes them with double taxes. [
The
- 1815
- Pope Pius VII reestablishes the ghetto in Rome after the defeat of Napoleon.
- 1835
- Oppressive constitution for the Jews issued by Czar Nicholas I of Russia.
- 1840
- The Damascus affair
- 1844
- Karl Marx praises Bruno Bauer's essays containing demands that the Jews abandon Judaism, and publishes his work On the Jewish Question
- 1853
- Blood libels in Saratov and throughout Russia.
- 1858
- Edgardo Mortara, a six-year-old Jewish boy whom a maid had baptised during an illness, is taken from his parents in Bologna, an episode which aroused universal indignation in liberal circles.
- 1862
- Polish Jews are given equal rights. Old privileges forbidding Jews to settle in some cities are abolished.
- 1871
- Speech of Pope Pius IX in regard to Jews
- 1878
- Adolf Stoecker, German anti-Semitic preacher and politician, founds the Social Workers' Party, which marks the beginning of the political anti-Semitic movement in Germany.
- 1879
- Heinrich von Treitschke, German historian and politician, justifies the anti-Semitic campaigns in Germany, bringing anti-Semitism into learned circles.
- 1879
- Wilhelm Marr coins the term Anti-Semitism to distinguish himself from religious Anti-Judaism.
- 1882
- The Tiszaeszlár blood libel in Hungary arouses public opinion throughout Europe.
- 1882
- First International Anti-Jewish Congress convenes at Dresden, Germany.
- 1882 May
- A series of "temporary laws" by Tsar Alexander III of Russia (the May Laws), which adopted a systematic policy of discrimination, with the object of removing the Jews from their economic and public positions, in order to "cause one-third of the Jews to emigrate, one-third to accept baptism and one-third to starve" (according to a remark attributed to Konstantin Pobedonostsev)
- 1887
- Russia introduces measures to limit Jews access to education, known as the quota.
- 1891
- Blood libel in Xanten, Germany.
- 1891
- Expulsion of 20,000 Jews from Moscow, Russia. The Congress of the United States eases immigration restrictions for Jews from the Russian Empire. (Webster-Campster report)
- 1893
- Karl Lueger establishes anti-Semitic Christian Social Party and becomes the Mayor of Vienna in 1897.
The treason conviction of Alfred Dreyfus.- 1894
- The Dreyfus Affair in France. In 1898 Émile Zola publishes open letter J'accuse!
- 1895
- A. C. Cuza organizes the Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle in Bucharest, Romania.
- 1899
- Houston Stewart Chamberlain, racist and anti-Semitic author, publishes his Die Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts which later became a basis of National-Socialist ideology.
- 1899
- Blood libel in Bohemia (the Hilsner case).
The In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good anti-Semitism" and "bad anti-Semitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc. Many Catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing Jews on such grounds, and, when accused of promoting hatred of Jews, would remind people that they condemned the "bad" kind of anti-Semitism.David Kertzer, The Popes Against the Jews.
The victims of a 1905 pogrom in Dnipropetrovsk- 1903
- The Kishinev pogrom
- 1903
- The first publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion hoax in St. Petersburg, Russia (by Pavel Krushevan).
- 1911
- The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev.
- 1915
- The World War I prompts expulsion of 250,000 Jews from Western Russia.
- 1917-1921
- Attacked for being revolutionaries or counter-revolutionaries, unpatriotic pacifists or warmongers, religious zealots or godless atheists, capitalist exploiters or bourgeois profiteers, masses of Jewish civilians (by various estimates 70,000 to 250,000, the number of orphans exceeded 300,000) were murdered in pogroms in the course of Russian Civil War. Out of estimated 900 mass pogroms
- *about 40% were perpetrated by the forces led by Simon Petlyura fighting for the Ukrainian People's Republic. Its head Volodymyr Vynnychenko was quoted as saying: "The pogroms will cease when Jews will cease to be Communists",
- *25% by the Green Army and various nationalist and anarchist gangs,
- *17% by the White Army, especially forces of Anton Denikin,
- *8.5% by the Red Army.Solzhenitsyn 200 Years Together. Note: in the source the numbers don't add up to full 100%
- 1919-1922
- Soviet Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) attacks Bund and Zionist parties for "Jewish cultural particularism". In April 1920, the All-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by Cheka led by Bolsheviks, whose leadership and ranks included many anti-Jewish Jews. Thousands are arrested and sent to Gulag for "counter-revolutionary... collusion in the interests of Anglo-French bourgeoisie... to restore the Palestine state." Hebrew language is banned, Judaism is suppressed, along with other religions.
- 1920
- The Jerusalem pogrom of April, 1920 of old Yishuv, incited by Haj Amin Al-Husseini.
The Protocols issued by Russian emigrants in Paris, 1927- The idea that the Bolshevik revolution was a Jewish conspiracy for the world domination sparks worldwide interest in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In a single year, five editions are sold out in England alone. In the US Henry Ford prints 500,000 copies and begins a series of anti-Semitic articles in The Dearborn Independent newspaper.
- 1921 May 1-4
- Jaffa riots in Palestine.
- 1921-1925
- Outbreak of Anti-Semitism in USA, led by Ku Klux Klan.
- 1925
- Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.
- 1929 August 23
- The ancient Jewish community of Hebron is destroyed in the Hebron massacre. [1933-1941
- Persecution of Jews in Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but also as human beings. During this time anti-Semitism reached its all-time high.[1934
- 2,000 of Afghani Jews expelled from their towns and forced to live in the wilderness.
- Persecution of Jews in Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but also as human beings. During this time anti-Semitism reached its all-time high.[1934
- 1935
- Nuremberg Laws introduced. Jewish rights rescinded. The Reich Citizenship Law strips them of citizenship. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor
- *Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
- *Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
- *Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants.
- *Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors.
- 1938
- Anschluss, pogroms in Vienna, anti-Jewish legislation, deportations to concentration camps.
- *Decree authorizing local authorities to bar Jews from the streets on certain days
- *Decree empowering the justice Ministry to void wills offending the "sound judgment of the people"
- *Decree providing for compulsory sale of Jewish real estate
- *Decree providing for liquidation of Jewish real estate agencies, brokerage agencies, and marriage agencies catering to non-Jews
- *Directive providing for concentration of Jews in houses
- 1938
- Father Charles E. Coughlin, Roman Catholic priest, starts anti-Semitic weekly radio broadcasts in the United States.
- 1938 November 9-10
- Kristallnacht (Night of The Broken Glass). In one night most German synagogues and hundreds of Jewish-owned German businesses are destroyed. Almost 100 Jews are killed, and 10,000 are sent to concentration camps.[1938 November 17
- Racial legislation introduced in Italy. Anti Jewish economic legislation in Hungary.
- 1938 July 6-15
- Evian Conference
- 1939
- The "Voyage of the damned"
- 1939 February
- The Congress of the United States rejects the Wagner-Rogers Bill, an effort to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children under the age of 14 from Nazi Germany.
General Eisenhower inspecting prisoners' corpses at a liberated concentration camp, 1945- 1939-1945
- The Holocaust. About 6 million Jews, including 1.5 million children, systematically killed by Nazi Germany. See also Holocaust denial.
- 1946 July 4
- The Kielce pogrom. 37 (+2) Jews were massacred and 80 wounded out of about 200 who returned home after World War II. There were also killed 2 non-Jewish Poles.
- 1946
- Nikita Khrushchev, then the first secretary of Communist party of Ukraine, closes many synagogues (the number declines from 450 to 60) and prevents Jewish refugees from returning to their homes
- 1948 January 13
- Solomon Mikhoels, actor-director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater and chairman of Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee is killed in suspicious car accident (see MGB). Mass arrests of prominent Jewish intellectuals and suppression of Jewish culture follow under the banners of campaign on rootless cosmopolitanism and anti-Zionism.
- 1948-2001
- Anti-Semitism played a major role in the Jewish exodus from Arab lands. The Jewish population in the Arab Middle East and North Africa has decreased from 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 in 2001.
- 1952 Aug. 12
- The Night of Murdered Poets. Some 13 Soviet Yiddish writers were executed, among them Peretz Markish, Leib Kwitko, David Hoffstein, Itzik Feffer, David Bergelson, Der Nister. In 1955 UN General Assembly's session a high Soviet official still denied the "rumors" about their disappearance.
- 1952
- The Prague Trials in Czechoslovakia.
- 1953
- The Doctors' plot false accusation in the USSR. Scores of Soviet Jews dismissed from their jobs, arrested, some executed.
- 1964
- The Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI issues the document Nostra Aetate as part of Vatican II, repudiating the doctrine of Jewish guilt for the Crucifixion.
"Judaism Without Embellishments" published by the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in 1963- 1960s-1991
- The rise of Zionology in the Soviet Union. In 1983, the Department of Propaganda and the KGB's Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public orchestrates formally "anti-Zionist" campaign.
- 1968
- Polish 1968 political crisis. The state-organized anti-Semitic campaign in the People's Republic of Poland under guise of "anti-Zionism" drives out most of remaining Jewish population.
- 1983
- The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod officially disassociates itself from "intemperate remarks about Jews" in Luther's works. Since then, many Lutheran church bodies and organizations have issued similar statements. (See Martin Luther and the Jews)
- Since 1987
- Activities of Pamyat and other "nonformal" ultra-nationalist organizations in the Soviet Union.
- 1992 March 17
- The Israeli Embassy Attack in Buenos Aires. 29 killed, and 242 wounded.
- 1994 July 18
- Buenos Aires. The Argentina-Israeli Mutual Association building bombing. 86 killed, 300 wounded.
The
Cartoon from the Syrian newspaper Tishreen (Apr 30, 2000). Negative zoomorphism is commonly used in anti-Semitic discourse.
- 2001 after September 11
- [2003 October 16
- The Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohammed draws standing ovation at the 57-member Organization of the Islamic Conference for his speech. An excerpt
- 2003
- The Istanbul Bombings.
- 2004 June
- A series of attacks on Jewish cemeteries in Wellington,New Zealand.
- 2004 September
- The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, a part of the Council of Europe, called on its member nations to "ensure that criminal law in the field of combating racism covers anti-Semitism" and to penalize intentional acts of public incitement to violence, hatred or discrimination, public insults and defamation, threats against a person or group, and the expression of anti-Semitic ideologies. It urged member nations to "prosecute people who deny, trivialize or justify the Holocaust". The report was drawn up in wake of a rise in attacks on Jews in Europe. The report said it was Europe's "duty to remember the past by remaining vigilant and actively opposing any manifestations of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and intolerance... Anti-Semitism is not a phenomenon of the past and... the slogan 'never again' is as relevant today as it was 60 years ago." ([2005
- A group of 15 members of the State Duma of the Russian Federation demands that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned from the country. In June, 500 prominent Russians demand that the state prosecutor investigate ancient Jewish texts as "anti-Russian" and ban Judaism. The investigation was launched, but halted among international outcry.
- 2005 December
- Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad widens the hostility between Iran and Israel by denying the Holocaust during a speech in the Iranian city of Zahedan. He made the following comments on live television
- 2006 February
- A French Jew, Ilan Halimi is kidnapped and tortured to death for 23 days in what Paris police have officially declared an anti-Semitic act [terrorism against Israel
over the course of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
References
See also
- Anti-Semitism
- New anti-Semitism
- List of blood libels against Jews
- Christianity and anti-Semitism
- Christian Opposition to Anti-Semitism
- Arabs and anti-Semitism
- Islam and anti-Semitism
- History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union
- History of the Jews in Poland
- Timeline of Jewish history
- History of ancient Israel and Judah
- History of Israel
- History of Palestine
- Anti-Zionism
- Arab-Israeli conflict
- Righteous Among the Nations
External links
- [Antisemitism through the Ages] Exposition at Florida Holocaust Museum
- [Anti-Semitism: What Is It?]
- [Anti-Semitism & Responses]
- [Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Anti-Semitism]
- [Never Again: The Holocaust Timeline]
- [Yiddish in the USSR (by S. L. Shneiderman)]
- [Solomon Mikhoels]
- [MidEastWeb: Israel-Arab Conflict Timeline]
- [Islamic Antisemitism And Its Nazi Roots]
- [United Nations and Israel]
- [The U.N.'s Dirty Little Secret]
- [Anti-Semitism in the United Nations]
- [The Forgotten Jewish Exodus: Mizrahi Timeline]
- [Jews indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa]
- [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs: Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism]
- [Materials for the International Conference The "Other" as Threat: Demonization and Antisemitism] Jerusalem, June 1995
- [SWC Museum of Tolerance] Antisemitism: A Historical Survey
- [Antisemitism in the UC Berkeley today]; [response to "Antisemitism in the UC Berkeley today"]
Books
- ISBN 0706513274 Anti-Semitism, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1974.
- ISBN 1559724366 But Were They Good for the Jews? Over 150 Historical Figures Viewed Fom a Jewish Perspective (by Elliot Rosenberg)
- ISBN 0060156988 A History of the Jews (by Paul Johnson)
- ISBN 078796851X The New Anti-Semitism (by Phyllis Chesler)
- ISBN 0060542462 Never Again?: The Threat of the New Anti-Semitism (by Abraham Foxman)
- ISBN 0300084862 Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (by Joshua Rubenstein)
- ISBN 0253337844 The Moscow State Yiddish Theater (by Jeffrey Veidlinger)
- ISBN 0827606362 History and Hate: The Dimensions of Anti-Semitism (ed. David Berger)
- ISBN 0809127024 The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism (by Edward H. Flannery)
- ISBN 0886190649 None is too many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948 (by Irving M. Abella, Harold M. Troper)
- ISBN 080505944X The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey Through the Jewish Pale of Settlement During World War I (by S. Ansky, translated by Joachim Neugroschel)
- ISBN 0393318397 Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (by Bernard Lewis)
- ISBN 0841909105 The Destruction of European Jews (by Raul Hilberg) Holmes & Meier Publishers. 1985
- ISBN 0275981010 Islam at War (by George Nafziger & Mark Walton) Greenwood Publishers Group. 2003
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