Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda
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Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda is an operatic scena for three voices by Claudio Monteverdi. The piece has a libretto drawn from Torquato Tasso's Il Gerusalemme Liberata ("Jerusalem Delivered", Canto XII, 52-62, 64-68), a Romance set against the backdrop of the First Crusade. Il Combattimento was first produced in 1624 but not printed until 1638, when it appeared with several other pieces in Monteverdi’s eighth book of madrigals (written over a period of many years).
In Il Combattimento the orchestra and voices form two separate entities. The strings are divided into four independent parts instead of the usual five – an innovation that was not generally adopted by European composers until the eighteenth century.
Il combattimento contains the earliest known use of pizzicato in classical music, in which the players are instructed to set down their bows and use two fingers of their right hand to pluck the strings. It also contains one of the earliest uses of the string tremolo, in which a particular note is reiterated as a means of generating excitement. This latter device was so revolutionary that Monteverdi had considerable difficulty getting the players of his day to perform it correctly! These innovations, like the fourfold division of the srings, were not taken up by Monteverdi’s contemporaries or immediate successors.
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