International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Encyclopedia : I : IN : INT : International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) (French: Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda, Kinyarwanda: Urukiko Nshinjabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwagenewe u Rwanda) is an international court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there in the 100 days following April 6, 1994. The court was established with the jurisdiction to prosecute crimes which occurred between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994.
It was created on November 8, 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between January 1 and December 31, 1994.
It was set up by the UN Security Council following the resolutions:
- Resolution 955 on November 8, 1994 ([link], )
- Resolution 978 on February 27, 1995 ([link]), )
- Resolution 1165 on April 30, 1998 ([link])
The tribunal has jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, which are defined as violations of Common Article Three and Additional Protocol II of the Geneva Conventions (dealing with war crimes committed during internal conflicts).
So far, the Tribunal has finished 21 trials and convicted 28 accused persons. Another 11 trials are in progress. 14 individuals are awaiting trial in detention; but the prosecutor intends to transfer 5 to national juristdiction for trial. 18 others are still at large, some suspected to be dead. The first trial, of Jean-Paul Akayesu, began in 1997. Jean Kambanda, interim Prime Minister, pled guilty. According to the ICTR's Completion Strategy, in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1503, all first-instance cases are to have completed trial by the end of 2008 and all work is to be completed by 2010. It has recently been discussed that these goals may not be realistic and are likely to change. For more information, see [International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda].
Trial against \"hate media\"
The trial against "hate media" began on October 23, 2000. It is charged with the prosecution of the media which encouraged the genocide of 1994.On August 19, 2003, at the tribunal in Arusha, life sentences were requested for Ferdinand Nahimana, and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza, persons in charge for the Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, as well as Hassan Ngeze, director and editor of the Kangur newspaper. They are charged with genocide, incitement to genocide, and crimes against humanity, before and during the period of the genocides of 1994. On 3 December 2003, the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years. The case is currently on appeal.
Membership
The Tribunal consists of 16 Judges in four "chambers" - three to hear trials, and one to hear appeals. In addition, there are 9 ad litem judges, making 25 in all. At present, all 9 ad litem judges are assigned to Chambers II and III. There is an additional pool of 9 further ad litem judges who may be called on in the case of a judge being absent.The column denoted by # indicates the order of precedence.
Trial Chamber I
| # | Judge | Country of Origin | Status |
| 1. | Erik Møse | Norway | President ICTR, Presiding Judge, Trial Chamber I |
| 10. | Jai Ram Reddy | Fiji | member |
| 11. | Sergei Alekseevich Egorov | Russia | member |
Trial Chamber II
| # | Judge | Country of Origin | Status |
| 4. | William Sekule | Tanzania | Presiding Judge, Trial Chamber II |
| 9. | Arlette Ramaroson | Madagascar | member |
| 16. | Joseph Asoka Nihal De Silva | Sri Lanka | member |
| 17. | Solomy Balungi Bossa | Uganda | ad litem |
| 19. | Lee Gacugia Muthoga | Kenya | ad litem |
| 21. | Emile Francis Short | Ghana | ad litem |
| 23. | Taghrid Hikmet | Jordan | ad litem |
| 24. | Seon Ki Park | South Korea | ad litem |
Trial Chamber III
| # | Judge | Country of Origin | Status |
| 2. | Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca | Argentina | Presiding Judge, Trial Chamber III |
| 14. | Khalida Rachid Khan | Pakistan | member |
| 15. | Charles Michael Dennis Byron | Saint Kitts and Nevis | member |
| 18. | Flavia Lattanzi | Italy | ad litem |
| 22. | Florence Rita Arrey | Cameroon | ad litem |
| 24. | Karin Hökborg | Sweden | ad litem |
| 25. | Gberdao Gustave Kam | Burkina Faso | ad litem |
Appeals Chamber
| # | Judge | Country of Origin | Status |
| 3. | Theodor Meron | United States | Presiding Judge, Appeals Chamber |
| 5. | Mohamed Shahabuddeen | Guyana | member |
| 6. | Florence Mumba | Zambia | member |
| 7. | Mehmet Güney | Turkey | member |
| 8. | Fausto Pocar | Italy | member |
| 12. | Wolfgang Schomburg | Germany | member |
| 13. | Andrésia Vaz | Senegal | member |
Office of the Prosecutor
The Office of the Prosecutor is divided into two Sections:- The Investigation Section is responsible for collecting evidence implicating individuals in crimes committed in Rwanda in 1994.
- The Prosecution Section is responsible for prosecuting all cases before the Tribunal.
The Registry
The Registry is responsible for the overall administration and management of the ICTR. It also performs other legal functions assigned to it by the Tribunal’s Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and is the Tribunal’s channel of communication.The Registry is headed by the Registrar, who is the Representative of the UN Secretary-General. Adama Dieng of Senegal is the present Registrar. He took office in March, 2001.
See also
External links
- [Official site of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]
- [Human Rights Watch Report, "Genocide in Rwanda"]
- [A case before the ICTR: Jean Kambanda - TRIAL WATCH]
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.