Isabella II of Spain
Encyclopedia : I : IS : ISA : Isabella II of Spain
 Queen of Spain
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Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain ("Queen of the Spains" officially from August 13, 1836, hitherto the "queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon,...")
She was born in Madrid, and was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, and of his fourth wife, Maria Christina, a Neapolitan Bourbon and also the niece of Marie Antoinette. Maria became queen-regent on September 29 1833, when her daughter Isabella, at the age of three years, was proclaimed queen on the death of the king.
Queen Isabella succeeded to the throne because Ferdinand VII induced the Cortes to assist him in setting aside the Salic law, which the Bourbons had introduced in the beginning of the 18th century, and to re-establish the older succession law of Spain. The brother of Ferdinand, Carlos, the first pretender, fought seven years, during the minority of Isabella, to dispute her title. Supporters of Carlos and his descendants were known as Carlists and the dispute over the succession was the subject of a number of Carlist Wars in the 19th century.
Isabella's rights were only maintained through the support of the army, the Cortes and the Liberals and Progressists, who at the same time established constitutional and parliamentary government, dissolved the religious orders, confiscated the property of the orders including the Jesuits, and attempted to restore order in finances. After the Carlist war the queen-regent, Christina, resigned to make way for Espartero, the most successful and most popular general of the Isabelline armies, who only remained regent two years.
He was turned out in 1843 by a military and political pronunciamiento, the Revolución Gloriosa, led by Generals O'Donnell and Narvaez, who formed a cabinet, presided over by Joaquin Maria Lopez, and this government induced the Cortes to declare Isabella of age at thirteen. Three years later the Moderado party or Castilian Conservatives made their queen marry, at sixteen, her cousin, Prince Fernando I Francisco de Asis de Bourbon-Cadige (1822–1902), on the same day (October 10 1846) her younger sister married the duke of Montpensier.
These marriages suited the views of France and Louis Philippe, who nearly quarrelled in consequence with Britain; but both matches were anything but happy. In fact, persistent rumor had it that few if any of the Spanish queen's children were conceived by her king-consort, a homosexual. The heir to the throne, who would eventually become Alfonso XII, for instance, was widely believed to be Isabella's child by a captain of the guard, Enrique Puig y Moltó.
Isabella had twelve children, but only four reached adulthood:
- Isabel (1851–1931), Princess of Asturias, who married Prince Gaetano of the Two Sicilies.
- Eulalia de Asis de la Piedad (1864–1958), who married her cousin Antonio de Orléans y de Borbón, Infante of Spain and Duke of Galliera.
Queen Isabella II often interfered in politics in a wayward, unscrupulous manner that made her very unpopular. She showed most favour to her reactionary generals and statesmen, to the Church and religious orders, and was constantly the tool of corrupt and profligate courtiers and favourites who gave her court a bad name. She went into exile at the end of September 1868, after her Moderado generals had made a slight show of resistance that was crushed at the battle of Alcolea by Marshals Serrano and Prim. Other events of Queen Isabella's reign were a war against Morocco, which ended in an advantageous treaty for Spain and some Morroccan cession of territory; the fruitless Chincha Islands War against Peru and Chile; and some progress in public works, especially railways and a slight improvement in commerce and finance.
After her exile in 1868, it helped create the Franco-Prussian war, as the Spanish found a possible candidate in Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. As Queen Isabella II was a Bourbon ( a member of the old French royalty ), it raised the possibility of a German sitting on the vacant Spanish throne, something the French under Napoleon III would never accept.
Isabella was induced to abdicate in Paris on June 25, 1870 in favour of her son, Alfonso XII, and the cause of the restoration was thus much furthered. She had separated from her husband in the previous March. She continued to live in France after the restoration in 1874. On the occasion of one of her visits to Madrid during Alfonso XII's reign she began to intrigue with the politicians of the capital, and was peremptorily requested to go abroad again. She died on April 10, 1904 and is entombed in El Escorial.
Titulary
In 1837, Spain developed legislatively into a constitutional monarchy. Before that date, the underage Isabella was yet known with the feudal-like centuries-old, symbolical long titulary "Doña Isabel II por la Gracia de Dios, Reina de Castilla, de Leon, de Aragon, de las Dos Sicilias, de Jerusalen, de Navarra, de Granada, de Toledo, de Valencia, de Galicia, de Mallorca, de Sevilla, de Cerdeña, de Córdoba, de Córcega, de Murcia, de Menorca, de Jaen, de los Algarbes, de Algeciras, de Gibraltar, de las Islas Canarias, de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales, Islas y Tierra firme del mar Océano; Archiduquesa de Austria; Duquesa de Borgoña, de Brabante y de Milan; Condesa de Aspurg, Flandes, Tirol y Barcelona; Señora de de Vizcaya y de Molina &c. &c". At the change, a new format of the titulary was taken into use for Isabella: "By divine grace and the constitution, queen of the Spains" - "Doña Isabel II, por la gracia de Dios y la Constitución de la Monarquía española, Reina de las Españas".This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.
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