Isopropyl alcohol
Encyclopedia : I : IS : ISO : Isopropyl alcohol
| Isopropyl alcohol | |
|---|---|
| |
| General | |
| Systematic name | Propan-2-ol |
| Other names | 2-propanol, isopropanol, Isopropyl alcohol |
| Molecular formula | C3H8O |
| SMILES | CC(O)C |
| Molar mass | 60.10 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| CAS number | 67-63-0 |
| Properties | |
| Density and phase | 0.785 g/cm3, liquid |
| Solubility in water | Fully miscible |
| Solubility in brine | Slightly soluble |
| In ethanol, ether In acetone, toluene | Fully miscible Soluble |
| Melting point | -89 °C (185 K) |
| Boiling point | 82 °C (355 K) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 16.5 for H on hydroxyl |
| Viscosity | 2.86 cP at 15 °C 1.77 cP at 30 °C |
| Dipole moment | 1.66 D (gas) |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| Main hazards | Flammable |
| NFPA 704 |   
|
| Flash point | 12 °C |
| R/S statement | R: 11-36-67 S: 7-16-24/25-26 |
| RTECS number | NT8050000 |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties | n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data | Thermal Conductivity: 0.14 W/m-K Specific Heat: 2.56 kJ/kg-K Heat of Vaporization: 664 kJ/kg[link] |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Related compounds | |
| Related alcohols | 1-propanol, ethanol, 2-butanol |
| Other compounds | acetone, propylene, diisopropyl ether, 2-bromopropane |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) [Chemical infoboxInfobox disclaimer and references] | |
Uses
Sterilizing pads typically contain a 60-70% solution of isopropanol in water. Isopropyl alcohol is also commonly used as a cleaner and solvent in industry. It is also used as a gasoline additive for dissolving water or ice in fuel lines. Isopropanol is the main ingredient in rubbing alcohol. It is used as a disinfectant, and is a common solvent.Isopropanol is a major ingredient in "dry-gas" fuel additive. In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks as it separates from the gasoline. If the engine tried to combust the water instead of gasoline serious engine problems could result. The isopropanol does not remove the water from the gasoline. Rather, the isopropanol solubilizes the water in the gasoline. Once soluble, the water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water.
It is also a very good cleaning agent and often used for cleaning electronic devices such as contact pins (like those on ROM cartridges), magnetic tape deck and floppy disk drive heads, the lenses of lasers in optical disc drives (e.g. CD, DVD) and removing thermal paste from CPUs. It is also used to clean glass computer monitor screens, and used by many music shops to give second-hand or worn records newer looking sheens.
Chemistry
Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water at 87.4% alcohol. It is impossible to dehydrate isopropanol further using standard distillation methods. For this reason, more expensive means, such as using a drying agent, are necessary for production of 100% isopropyl alcohol.Being a secondary alcohol, isopropanol can be oxidised to acetone. This can be achieved using oxidising agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of isopropanol over a heated copper catalyst:
Isopropanol may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propylene by heating with sulfuric acid. With sodium hydroxide and a halogen, or with sodium hypochlorite, it undergoes the haloform reaction. This means it would give a positive result for an iodoform test.
Isopropanol is often used as a hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction.
Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides which can be called isopropoxides. The reaction with aluminium (initiated by a trace of mercury) is used to prepare the catalyst aluminium isopropoxide.
Isopropanol has a maximal absorbance at 204 nm in an ultraviolet-visible spectrum.
Safety
Isopropyl alcohol vapour is heavier than air and is highly flammable with a very wide combustible range. It should be kept away from heat and open flame. When mixed with air or other oxidisers it can detonate[[Citing sources citation needed]].Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized by the liver into acetone. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, and coma. Use in well-ventilated areas and use protective gloves while using. Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or absorption.
Long term application to the skin can cause defatting.
Medicine/Toxicology
Isopropyl alcohol is about twice as toxic as ethanol. Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis (like ethanol or methanol). It produces an elevated osmolal gap, but generally no abnormal anion gap (though this may be seen as a result of hypotension and lactic acidosis). Overdoses may cause a fruity, acetone-like odor on the breath.External links
- [Molview from bluerhinos.co.uk] See Propan-2-ol in 3D
- [Safety (MSDS) data for 2-propanol]
- For a full list of external links to MSDSs, spectroscopic data, commercial chemicals suppliers etc. for this compound, see [Chemical sources].
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