Japanese castle
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were large fortresses composed primarily of wood and stone. They evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries, and came into their most well-known form in the 16th century. Like European castles, the castles of Japan were built to guard important or strategic sites, such as ports, river crossings, or crossroads, and almost always incorporated the landscape into its defense.
Though they were built to last, and used more stone in their construction than most Japanese buildings, castles were still constructed primarily of wood, and many were destroyed over the years. This was especially true during the later Sengoku, or 'Warring States' period, when many of these castles were first built. However, many were rebuilt, either during the Sengoku or Edo periods, or more recently, as national heritage sites or museums. Matsue Castle is probably the only castle in Japan to have never been attacked or suffer any damage, and what remains today is of the original structure, built in 1611. Hiroshima Castle, on the opposite end of the spectrum, was destroyed in the atomic bombing, and was rebuilt in 1958 as a museum.
The character '城', normally read as shiro, is read as jō when it is attached to a word, such as in the name of a particular castle. Thus, for example, Osaka Castle is called osaka-jō in Japanese.
History
Originally conceived of purely as fortresses, their primary purpose being military defense, Japanese castles came to be the homes of daimyo (feudal lords), and served to impress and intimidate rivals not only with their defenses, but with their size and elegant interiors, architecture and decorations. Oda Nobunaga was one of the first to build one of these palace-like castles, at Azuchi Castle in 1576; this was Japan's first castle to have a tower keep, and it inspired both Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Osaka Castle and Tokugawa Ieyasu's Edo Castle.
Prior to the Sengoku period (roughly, the 16th century), most castles were called yamashiro, or 'mountain castles'. Though most later castles were built atop mountains or hills, these were built from the mountains. Trees and the like were cleared, and the stone and dirt of the mountain itself was carved into rough fortifications. Ditches were dug, to present obstacles to attackers, as well as to roll rocks down. Moats were created by diverting mountain streams. Buildings were made primarily of wattle and daub, using thatched roofs, or, occasionally, wooden shingles. Small ports in the walls or planks could be used to fire bows or guns from. The main weakness of this style was its general instability. Thatch caught fire even more easily than wood, and weather and soil erosion prevented structures from being particularly large or heavy. Eventually, stone bases began to be used, encasing the hilltop in a layer of fine pebbles, and then a layer of larger rocks over that, with no mortar. This support allowed larger, heavier, and more permanent buildings, and led to the development of the castles this article focuses on, and which most would picture when thinking of 'Japanese castles'.
Unlike in Europe, where the advent of cannon spelled the end of the age of castles, Japanese castle-building was spurred, ironically, by the introduction of firearms. The Japanese used cannon very infrequently, due to the expense of obtaining cannon from foreigners, and the difficulty in casting such weapons themselves. A few castles boasted 'wall guns', but these are presumed to be little more than glorified arquebuses, lacking the power of a true cannon. When siege weapons were used in Japan, they were most often trebuchets or catapults in the Chinese style, and they were used as anti-personnel weapons. There is no record that the goal of destroying walls ever entered into the strategy of a Japanese siege. The 16th century advents of the arquebus and cavalry charge could not be sufficiently defended against with wooden stockades, and so stone castles came into use.
In Japanese politics and warfare, the castle served not only as a fortress, but as the residence of the daimyo, or feudal lord, and as a symbol of his power. Some especially powerful families controlled not one, but a whole string of castles, consisting of a main castle (honjō) and a number of satellite castles (shijō) spread throughout their territory. Though the shijō were sometimes full-fledged castles with stone bases, they were more frequently fortresses of wood and earthenworks. Often, a system of fire beacons, drums, or conch shells was set up to enable communications between these castles over a great distance. The Hōjō family's Odawara Castle and its network of satellites was one of the most powerful examples of this honjō-shijō system; the Hōjō controlled so much land that a hierarchy of sub-satellite networks was created.
Architecture & Defenses
Japanese castles were almost always built atop a hill or mound, and often an artificial mound would be created for this purpose. This not only aided greatly in the defense of the castle, but also allowed it a greater view over the surrounding land, and made the castle look more impressive and intimidating. In some ways, the use of stone, and the development of the architectural style of the castle, was a natural step up from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries. The hills gave Japanese castles sloping walls, which many argue helped (incidentally) to defend them from Japan's frequent earthquakes. However, this also made their walls easier to scale.
Thus, a number of other measures were invented to keep attackers off the walls, including pots of hot sand, gun emplacements, and arrow slits from which defenders could fire at attackers while still enjoying nearly full cover. Spaces in the walls for firing from were called sama; Arrow slits were called yasama, gun emplacements tepposama and the rarer, later spaces for cannon were known as taihosama. Unlike in European castles, which had walkways built into the walls, in Japanese castles, the walls' timbers would be left sticking inwards, and planks would simply be placed over them to provide a surface for archers or gunners to stand on. This standing space was often called the ishi uchi tana or "stone throwing shelf." Other tactics to hinder attackers' approaches to the walls included caltrops, bamboo spikes planted into the ground at a diagonal, or the use of felled trees, their branches facing outwards and presenting an obstacle to an approaching army. Many castles also had trapdoors built into their towers, and some even suspended logs from ropes, to be dropped on attackers.
The Anou family from Ōmi Province were the foremost castle architects in the late 16th century, and were renowned for building the 45-degree stone bases, which began to be used for keeps, gatehouses, and corner towers, not just for the castle mound as a whole.
Japanese castles, like their European cousins, featured massive stone walls and large moats. However, within the walls, a very different architectural style and philosophy applied. A number of wooden buildings lay within the walls, and in later castles, some of these structures would be placed atop smaller stone-covered mounds. These wooden structures were surprisingly fireproof, as a result of the plaster used on the walls. The primary method of defense lay in the arrangement of the baileys, called maru (丸). Maru, meaning 'round' or 'circle' in most contexts, here refers to sections of the castle, separated by courtyards. Some castles were arranged in concentric circles, each maru lying within the last, while others lay their maru in a row; most used some combination of these two layouts. Since most Japanese castles were built atop a mountain or hill, the topography of the location determined the layout of the maru.
The most central bailey, containing the keep, was called honmaru(本丸), and the second and third were called ni-no-maru (二の丸) and san-no-maru (三の丸) respectively. These areas contained the main tower and residence of the daimyō, the storerooms (kura), and the living quarters of the garrison. Larger castles would have additional encircling sections, called not maru but kuruwa. At many castles still standing today in Japan, only the honmaru remains. Nijo Castle in Kyoto is an interesting exception, in that the ni-no-maru still stands, while all that remains of the honmaru is the stone base.
Japanese Castles (Waesung) in Korea
- :SECTION IN PROGRESS
Ulsan (Hangul: 울산왜성 Japanese:蔚山倭城)
Seosaengpo (Hangul: 서생포 왜성 Japanese:西生浦倭城 )
Gwangri (Hangul:광리왜성 (왜성동성,견내량성) Japanese:廣里倭城 (倭城洞城,見乃梁城 )
* Pusan metropolitan city area
Kijang (Hangul: 기장왜성 Japanese:機張倭城(機張竹城倭城) )
Dongnae (Hangul: 동래왜성 Japanese:東萊倭城)
Busan (Hangul: 부산왜성 Japanese: 釜山倭城)
* South Kyongsang area
Gimhae (Chukdo) (Hangul: 김해왜성 Japanese:金海竹島倭城 (駕洛城,竹島城) )
Angolp'o (Hangul: 안골포왜성 Japanese:安骨浦倭城)
Kaduk (Hangul:)
Ungch'un (3 wajo) (Hangul: 웅천왜성 Japanese:熊川倭城)
Changwon/Masan (Hangul:창원왜성 Japanese: 昌原倭城(馬山倭城))
Jangmoonp'o on Koje Island (Hangul: 장문포왜성 Japanese:長門逋倭城 )
Yungdungp'o on Koje Island (Hangul: 영등포왜성 Japanese:永登浦倭城)
Chisep'o on Koje Island (Hangul: 지세포)
Goseong (Hangul: 고성왜성 Japanese:固城倭城)
Sacheon (Hangul: 사천왜성 Japanese: 泗川倭城(船津里城) )
Namhae (Hangul: 남해왜성 Japanese: 南海倭城(船所倭城))
* South Jeolla area
Suncheon Waeseong(Hangul: 순천왜성 Japanese: 順天倭城)
All that remains of the castle today is the stone base.
Famous Castles
- Nagoya Castle in Aichi Prefecture
- Osaka Castle in Osaka Prefecture
- Kumamoto Castle in Kumamoto Prefecture
Castles which are National Treasures of Japan
- Himeji Castle in Hyogo Prefecture (also UNESCO World Heritage Site)
- Hikone Castle in Shiga Prefecture
- Matsumoto Castle in Nagano Prefecture
- Inuyama Castle in Aichi Prefecture
See also
References
- Ratti, Oscar and Adele Westbrook (1973). Secrets of the Samurai. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.
- Turnbull, Stephen (1979). "Samurai Armies 1550-1615." Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd.
- Turnbull, Stephen (1998). "The Samurai Sourcebook." London: Cassell & Co.
- Turnbull, Stephen (2002). "War in Japan 1467-1615." Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd.
- Turnbull, Stephen (2003). "Japanese Castles 1540–1640" Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd.
- [Guide of Japanese Castles]
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