Joint Stock Companies Act 1844

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The Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c.110) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that expanded access to the incorporation of joint-stock companies in the UK.

Before the Act, incorporation was only possible by Royal charter or private act, and was limited owing to parliament's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as unincorporated associations with possibly thousands of members. Any consequent litigation had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was impossibly cumbersum. Though parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient only allowed to established companies.

The 1844 Act created a Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status which arose after the completing the second stage for another £5.Mayson et al. (2005) p.6

However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the companyRe Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case (1854) 3 De GM&G 459. Limited liability was subsequently introduced by the Limited Liability Act 1855.

The system of registration was revised by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 which introduced the system largely still in operation as of 2006.

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