Joule

Encyclopedia : J : JO : JOU : Joule

The joule (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy, or work with base units of kg·m²/s² (N·m). The base unit conversion can be remembered using the equation E=mc², where E is in joules, m is in kilograms, and c is the speed of light.

Contents

1 Definition
2 Conversions
3 History
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Definition

The joule is a derived unit defined as the work done or energy required, to exert a force of one newton for a distance of one metre, so the same quantity may be referred to as a newton metre or newton-metre with the symbol N·m. However, the newton metre is usually used as a measure of torque, not energy.

As a rough guide, 1 joule is the absolute minimum amount of energy required (on the surface of Earth) to lift a one kilogram object up by a height of 10 centimetres.

One joule is also:

The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt; or one coulomb volt, with the symbol C·V.

The work done to produce power of one watt continuously for one second; or one watt second (compare kilowatt-hour), with the symbol W·s

Conversions

1 joule is exactly 10⁷ erg.

1 joule is approximately equal to:

6.24150636309×10¹⁸ eV (electron-volts)
0.238845896628 cal (calorie) (small calories)
2.390×10⁻⁴ Calorie or kilocalorie (food)
9.47817120313×10⁻⁴ BTU (British thermal unit)
0.737562149277 ft·lbf (Foot-pound force)
23.7 ft·pdl (foot poundals)
2.7778×10⁻⁷ kilowatt-hour
2.7778×10⁻⁴ watt-hour
9.8692×10⁻³ litre-atmosphere
the energy required to lift a small apple (102 g) one metre against Earth's gravity
the amount of energy, as heat, that a quiet person produces every hundredth of a second.
the energy required to lift a small apple 10 centimetres (1/10 metre) by converting the heat that the quiet person produced, on a hundredth of second, in work, with 10% efficiency.
1/100th of the energy a person can get by drinking a single droplet of beer.

Units defined in terms of the joule include:

1 thermochemical calorie = 4.184 J (exact)
1 International Table calorie = 4.1868 J (exact)
1 watt-hour = 3600 J (exact)
* 1 kWh = 1 kilowatt-hour = 3.6×10⁶ J

History

A joule is the mechanical equivalent of heat meaning the number of units of work in which the unit of heat can perform. Its value was found by James Prescott Joule in experiments that showed the mechanical energy Joule's equivalent, and represented by the symbol J. The term was first introduced by Dr. Mayer of Heilbronn.

References

[The adoption of joules as units of energy], FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Energy and Protein, 1971. A report on the changeover from calories to joules in nutrition.

External links

[Conversion of J in other units]