Julian Marchlewski
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Julian Balthasar Marchlewski (May 17, 1866 - March 22, 1925) was a Polish and Soviet communist functionary with an education in economics. He was also known under the aliases Karski and Kujawiak.
In 1889 he was a co-founder of the Polish Workers' Union. In 1893 he, together with Rosa Luxemburg, founded the Social Democratic Party of Polish Kingdom, which was dissolved in 1895 due to massive arrests. Since 1900 he was the member of the Social Democratic Party of Polish Kingdom and Lithuania.
He took part in the movement of the Russian Revolution of 1905 in the Polish territories. In 1906 he became a Bolshevik. After the defeat of the revolution he emigrated to Germany. During World War I, he participated in the German social democratic movement and was a co-founder of the left-wing Spartakus (Spartacist League). He was arrested and later exchanged with Russia for a German spy. In 1919, during the Polish-Soviet War, he took part in the negotiations with Poland. During the Red Army counterattack under Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky, he headed the Polish Provisional Revolutionary Committee (Tymczasowy Komitet Rewolucyjny Polski) in Bialystok in 1920, which planned to declare the Polish Soviet Socialist Republic.
As an economist, he was an expert in agriculture and took part in the preparation of the Bolshevik program with respect to peasantry.
He published a number of scientific and ideological works.
He died in Italy during a vacation.
In 1926, he was the namesake for the Polish Autonomous District in Ukraine (Marchlewszczyzna), with the capital at Marchlewsk (known before and after as Dołbysz or Dowbysz). (A similar Polish district of Dzierzynszczyzna, after Felix Dzerzhinsky, was in Belarus). The Jan Paweł II street in Warsaw was formerly the Marchlewski street.
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