L-vocalization
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In linguistics, l-vocalization is a process by which an /l/ sound (a lateral consonant) is replaced by a vowel or semivowel sound. This happens most often to the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ].
L-vocalization in English
L-vocalization is a notable feature of certain dialects of English, including Cockney and Estuary English, in which an /l/ sound occurring at the end of a word or before a consonant is replaced with a vowel sound, variously transcribed [o], [ʊ] or [w] resulting in pronunciations such as [mɪok], for milk, and [mɪdo], for middle.Especially in Cockney, l-vocalization can be accompanied by phonemic mergers of vowels before the vocalized /l/. For example, real, reel and rill, which are distinct in Received Pronunciation, are homophones in Cockney as [ɹɪo].
In the accent of Bristol, syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/, resulting in pronunciations like /ˈbɒto/ (for bottle). By hypercorrection, however, some words originally ending in /o/ had this sound replaced by syllabic /l/: the original name of the town was Bristow, but this has been altered by hypercorrection to Bristol.
In the United States, the dark L in African-American Vernacular English may change to an o, w, or be omitted altogether (i.e. fool becomes foo', cereal becomes "CER'ee-oh" ).
L-vocalization in other languages
- In early 15th century Middle Scots /al/ (except intervocalically and before /d/), /ol/ and often /ul/ changed to /au/, /ou/ and /u:/. For example all to aw, hald to haud (hold), colt to cowt, ful to fou (full).
- In Dutch, the combinations old and olt changed to oud and out during the Middle Ages. For example, oud corresponds with English "old".
- In Brazilian Portuguese, /l/ in syllable coda position becomes [w]. For example, the name of the singer and government minister Gilberto Gil is pronounced [ʒiwˈbɛxtu ʒiw].
- In Polish and the Sorbian languages, historical /ɫ/ has become /w/. For example, the word for "small" in all three languages is mały, pronounced /ˈmawɨ/ (cf. Russian малый /ˈmaɫɨj/)
- In Serbo-Croatian, a historical /l/ in coda position has become /o/ and is now so spelled. For example, the Serbo-Croatian name of Belgrade is Beograd.
- In Austro-Bavarian, the etymological l is vocalised, surprisingly only after front vowels, into i or y, e.g. vui corresponding with High German viel ("much").
- In Bernese German, a historical /l/ in coda position has become [w], a historical /lː/—only occurring intervocalically—has become /wː/, whereas intervocalical /l/ persists. The absence of vocalization was one of the distinctive features of the upper class variety which is not much spoken any more. For example, the German name of the city of Biel/Bienne is pronounced [ˈb̥iə̯w].
- In Bulgarian, young people often pronounce the [ł] of the standard language as [w] or [o], especially in an informal context. For example, pronunciations which could be transcribed as [maʊ̯ko] or [mao̯ko] occur instead of standard [małko] ("a little"). Unlike the historical sound changes listed above, this is an example of a synchronic variation between speakers that might result in a sound change in the long run.
References
- Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg. 2006. The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.
External links
- [Transcribing Estuary English, by J. C. Wells] - discusses the phonetics of l-vocalization in Estuary English and Cockney.
- [L-vocalisations in Estuary English]
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